Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Westlake Chemical Corporation Second Quarter 2020 Earnings Conference Call. During the presentation, all participants will be in a listen-only mode. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, ladies and gentlemen, this conference is being recorded today, August 6, 2020.

I would now like to turn the call over to today’s host, Jeff Holy, Westlake’s Vice President and Treasurer. Sir, you may begin..

domestic callers should dial 855-859-2056. International callers may access the replay at 404-537-3406. The access code for both numbers is 5145968.

Please note that information reported on this call speaks only as of today, August 6, 2020, and therefore, you’re advised that time-sensitive information may no longer be accurate as of the time of any replay.

I would finally advise you that this conference call is being broadcast live through an Internet webcast system that can be accessed on our web page at westlake.com. Now I would like to turn the call over to Albert Chao.

Albert?.

Thank you, Jeff. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and thank you for joining us to discuss our second quarter 2020 results. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people’s lives and weighed heavily on global economic growth, resulting in a significant impact on Westlake’s financial results.

Our first priority in the quarter has been the health and safety of our employees.

I’m very appreciative of our employees who continue to work day in and day out, particularly those in our plants and production facilities, which are a critical component of the infrastructure to provide key products to support the pandemic response and keep essential goods and services flowing in support of the economy.

We remain focused on cost reductions, operational efficiencies, management of working capital and CapEx spending. In this morning’s press release, we reported net income of $15 million for the second quarter of 2020 or $0.11 per diluted share.

Before Steve goes through the second quarter results, let me provide some insight into our results for the quarter. In our polyethylene business, we saw strong demand in our differentiated applications such as food packaging, as more individuals consume packaged food and everyday items from the grocery stores.

The significant drop in oil prices early in the quarter led to a sharply lower global polyethylene average sales prices. We also experienced margin pressure due to increased ethane feedstock prices. Margins began to improve at the end of the quarter as oil prices rose from their lows early in the quarter and polyethylene prices started to strengthen.

In our Vinyls segment, our PVC and Vinyl products businesses had a very strong start in the first quarter of 2020. Early in the second quarter, we saw broad-based declines in PVC and downstream vinyl products demand due to the impact of the pandemic. Decreased demand and low oil prices led to lower average PVC sales prices.

These broad-based decline reduced demand for chlorine, causing the caustic supply-demand balance to tighten, leading to a series of caustic price increases during the quarter.

Later in the second quarter, as we saw stay-at-home orders and business operation restrictions related to the pandemic relax, PVC and construction-related downstream vinyl products demand significantly improved and several of our non-integrated vinyl plants, that had been idled or operating at reduced output, have resumed normal production.

I would now like to turn our call over to Steve to provide more detail on our financial and operating results for the second quarter..

Thank you, Albert, and good morning, everyone. Throughout, Westlake, we took actions to address the rapidly changing demand picture in the quarter, always keeping our teams’ wellbeing at the forefront, while improving financial strength and flexibility.

I will start with discussing our consolidated financial results, followed by a detailed review of our Vinyls and Olefins segment results. Let me begin with our consolidated results. For the second quarter of 2020, we reported net income of $15 million or $0.11 per diluted share compared to net income of $119 million for the second quarter 2019.

The $104 million decrease in net income from the prior period was primarily due to the global economic impact from COVID-19 and the significant drop in oil prices, which reduced our global feedstock competitiveness and associated margins.

The impact of reduced demand resulting from the pandemic drove lower sales volumes in our Vinyls segment and lower oil prices led to lower global sales prices for many of our major products.

Although we began to see the impacts to our business from COVID-19 in Asia in January and in our European Vinyls business in February, the full impact to our operations were felt in the second quarter of 2020 as the pandemic heavily impacted the Americas.

Second quarter 2020 net income decreased by $130 million from the first quarter 2020 net income of $145 million.

The decrease in net income was primarily due to lower production and sales volumes for caustic soda and PVC resin, in addition to lower sales prices and margins for polyethylene and PVC resin, resulting from the impacts of COVID-19 and lower global demand.

Second quarter of 2020 did benefit from lower operating and selling and general administrative expenses as a result of our cost-cutting initiatives. For the first 6 months of 2020, net income was $160 million or $1.24 per share, a decrease of $31 million from the first 6 months of 2019.

The decrease in net income was mostly attributable to lower global sales prices for our major products, driven by lower oil prices and lower sales volumes in our Vinyls segment, stemming from the impacts of COVID-19.

The first 6 months of 2020 benefited from lower feedstock and fuel cost, reduced operating and SG&A expenses as well as lower costs associated with planned turnarounds, restructuring, transaction and integration-related activities.

Net income further benefited from a lower effective tax rate resulting from the Cares Act and a carryback of the federal net operating loss of $68 million.

Our utilization of the FIFO method of accounting resulted in a favorable pretax impact of approximately $6 million or $0.05 per share compared to what earnings would have been if we reported on the LIFO method. This is only an estimate and has not been audited.

Now let’s move on to review the performance of our two segments, starting with the Vinyls segment.

In the second quarter of 2020, our Vinyls business experienced lower global sales prices and volumes for many of our major products as compared to the second quarter of 2019, driven by the sluggish global economic activity brought on by the impact of COVID-19.

Vinyls operating income of $20 million in the second quarter of 2020 decreased $109 million from the prior year period, primarily as a result of the lower global sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda and downstream vinyl products.

The decrease was primarily offset by lower ethane feedstock and fuel costs, reduced operating expense and lower costs associated with planned turnarounds. In the middle of the second quarter, oil prices started to rise, which caused many of our global vinyl competitors that use naphtha-based ethylene to raise PVC prices.

Thus, the PVC and downstream vinyls product market began to improve later in the second quarter as demand in June improved over May’s levels, resulting in an increase of $0.03 per pound for PVC in June. Further increases of $0.03 per pound for July and $0.04 per pound in August have been announced.

The improvement in vinyls demand has, which began in the middle of the second quarter, has continued as industry consultants reported operating rates in June at 84% versus rates in the mid-50s just a few months ago. Now turning to our Olefins segment.

For the second quarter 2020, Olefins operating income of $25 million decreased by $57 million in the second quarter 2019 as a result of lower sales prices and margins for polyethylene, which were primarily offset by higher polyethylene sales volumes.

The tight polyethylene supply-demand balances, combined with rising oil prices up from their lows in early second quarter, combined with higher feedstock costs, drove a $0.04 per pound increase in June, and industry consultants are projecting a $0.05 per pound increase in July.

Industry producers also announced a $0.05 per pound increase in August due to continuing tight market conditions. Before concluding our Olefins review, I would note that we expect the turnaround for our Petro II ethylene unit, discussed in previous calls, to be in the first half of 2021.

Now let’s turn our attention to the balance sheet and statement of cash flows. At the end of the second quarter 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.1 billion and total debt of $3.7 billion or net debt of $2.6 billion.

Net debt at the end of the first quarter of 2020 was $2.9 billion, a $259 million reduction in net debt through cost reductions, management of our working capital and reductions in CapEx. In line with our focus on cash generation, we improved our financial and operating strength and flexibility throughout the second quarter.

We generated cash flow from operations of $448 million in the second quarter and fully repaid our draw on our $1 billion revolving line of credit and issued $300 million of 10-year unsecured notes at a rate of 3.375% per annum.

We used a portion of the $300 million of the newly issued 10-year note proceeds to retire $100 million of 6.5% notes on August 1. And we will also retire an additional $154 million of the 6.5% notes on November 1.

This refinancing reduces our expected run rate of interest expense by about $6 million per year and maintains our long-dated and strategically staggered debt maturities, which now have an average life of approximately 14 years with an average interest rate of 3.5%.

This solid liquidity position, coupled with a long-dated maturity schedule allows us to operate confidently in today’s environment. We’ve taken actions to reduce our operating expenses and manage our operations to match current demand while being well positioned to react to the changing market environment and meet the needs of our customers.

As we previously announced on our last quarterly call, we have decreased our level of capital expenditures while continuing to safeguard our employees and our operations. We are maintaining our revised 2020 capital expenditure guidance of $500 million to $550 million.

With the previously mentioned tax benefit of the Cares Act, we now expect our 2020 effective tax rate to be approximately 11%. With that, I will now turn the call back to Albert to make some closing comments.

Albert?.

Thank you, Steve. The second quarter of 2020 was a difficult time for the global chemicals business. The outbreak of COVID-19 late in the first quarter of this year, followed by the associated stay-at-home and business operation restrictions reduced global demand.

We first focus on the health and well-being of our employees worldwide while operating our facilities in a safe and reliable manner and kept our attention on improving our financial strength and flexibility, while also staying close to our customers to manage through this challenging time.

We produce products that are essential to everyone’s lives from polyethylene for food packaging to PVC resins and compounds using medical applications and equipment, construction, infrastructure, and to chlor-alkali products used in the production of water treatment, disinfectants, paper tissues and cardboard packaging.

I’m proud of Westlake team for its disciplined execution to deliver these essential products, and we’ll continue to work to grow our value chain. Let me close by sharing some views on our outlook. We have seen continued demand improvements for all of our major products that began in May and continued through to the present.

PVC demand as well as pricing for polyethylene, PVC and caustic have continued to increase and the oil to gas spread has more than doubled from the lows in the second quarter with considerable asset available for current and future use.

For polyethylene, operating rates continue to remain strong with many polyethylene producers announcing price increases in July and August, totaling $0.10 per pound. We will continue to remain focused to operate safely, deliver superior operation performance, to reduce costs while creating value over the business cycle.

The prudent management of our business through this pandemic, combined with the solid fundamentals of our business, will allow us to deliver long-term value to our shareholders. We are cautiously optimistic for improving business dynamics for the balance of 2020 as industry indications look constructive.

As always, we will continue to operate safely, along with being good stewards of the environment and the communities in which we live and work. Thank you very much for listening to our second quarter 2020 earnings call. Now I’ll turn the call back over to Jeff..

Thank you, Albert. Before we begin taking questions, I would like to remind you that a replay of this teleconference will be available two hours after the call is ended. We’ll provide that number again at the end of the call. Josh, we will now take questions..

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Bhavesh Lodaya with BMO Capital Markets. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning, team. This is Bhavesh for John. So we are now hearing it from some of your peers about sequential pricing increase for caustic soda in 3Q from the 2Q level, which is a bit counterintuitive given the rising PVC demand and its impact on chlorine and caustic supplies, as we have discussed.

And I understand there is always contracts and other discounts that come into play for pricing and demand probably is also strong.

So from Westlake’s perspective, what’s your outlook on your realized caustic soda prices for 3Q?.

As we speak about the strength in the Vinyls business, we continue to see strength in Vinyls, but it’s been really in the PVC space. As I noted in my prepared remarks, we’ve seen continued strength in price nominations in PVC through June into July, and now we’ve got nominations into August.

So certainly, as we have more pull on chlorine, that will certainly put more caustic the market. So as we look into the third quarter, a lot of your – the answer to your question is highly dependent upon how we see the manufacturing when our industrial markets begin to kind of recover.

I think we’ve seen strength in certain segments of that space, whether it’s been in some of the paper and containerboard, but clearly, areas like cut sheet paper have been weaker. Some of the alumina markets have been weaker, but other markets and the detergents and disinfectants have been stronger.

So it’s really a function of how we see the industrial strength recover later this quarter. But certainly, we think that we’re very well positioned as we see the markets begin to rebound..

Yes. I know that the industry, from February to April, announced a series of price increases totaling between $160 to $195 per short ton. And I think IHS recognized about 75 of those price increases per ton has been in effect. And as you know, some of the contracts are quarterly based so this price increase will carry over in the third quarter.

On the other hand, some other contracts are on a monthly basis, who reflect monthly pricing. As Steve said earlier, it really depends on the industrial economy and demand for our products, not only in U.S. but globally. We saw a price increase during the second quarter, both domestic and U.S. and export.

But as each country reacts differently to COVID-19, their demand and need will be different. So as I said earlier that some are the quarterly pricing, that the price increase will carry into the third quarter, but monthly pricing will be depending on the supply demand for that month..

Got it. That’s great color. And then in terms of cash flows. So we obviously saw a great, like solid free cash flow generation in the second quarter, seemingly from lower working capital.

Can you share some thoughts on how you think the rest of the year shapes up for free cash flow and working capital in particular?.

Certainly. So as you’ve seen, we’ve seen nominations of price increases both in PVC nominations for caustic and nominations for polyethylene. So with the demand picture that we’re seeing today across space and improved pricing dynamics, that will certainly translate into earnings and, therefore, into cash flows.

But certainly, we’ve not taken our foot off the gas in trying to keep our costs low and our operating cost and expenses low as well. So as always, we keep a very close eye on our operating costs, but also, we see a very improved market relative to earlier in the second quarter, through into the now the third quarter of demand.

And we’ve seen a series of price nominations across all of our major products. So that should improve earnings and improve cash flows..

Clear. Thank you..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Hassan Ahmed with Alembic Global. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning, Albert and Steve, question around the capacity side of things. One of your sort of large competitors talked about how on the ethylene side, as much as 11% of capacity may be vulnerable because of sort of relatively weak economics right now.

So my question to you guys is that are you guys seeing similar sort of things? And if you are, I mean, what are your expectations in terms of sort of curtailments or maybe even permanent closures going forward?.

Yes. That’s a good question. As you know, Westlake, we are a net buyer of ethylene and buy about 1 billion pounds or depending on supply demand of our derivative products. So our ethylene plants are running, as we said, on normal operating rates and supply our downstream and we buy additional ethylene.

Now if there are ethylene producers, there are more merchant ethylene, then depending on their downstream customers, the demand, they may or may not have all the full needs of their ethylene requirements. So depending on the producers..

Very fair. Okay. And moving on to the feedstock side of things, two part questions. One is, obviously, we saw a bit of a rally in ethane pricing through the course of the quarter, and there was some choppiness in terms of NGL pricing as well.

So on the nearer-term side of it, in terms of Q2, what did your feedstock mix look like? And on the slightly longer-term side of things, what are your guys’ views in terms of ethane pricing and ethane supply demand balances?.

Yes. As you know, ethane has, by and large, being the lower feed stock for ethylene in the U.S. and I know when oil price went negative, and certainly, naphtha-based ethylene cracker had a better economics for a little while. But as you know, the naphtha capabilities in the U.S. is very limited, about 80% of the U.S.

ethylene capacities are all ethane based. So its ethane price has come up from the low, but it stabilized in the $0.20, $0.22 a gallon range.

And the outlook, even though oil production went down with the lower oil prices and some of the oil well shutting, but as oil prices moved back again, we are seeing more production, especially in the Permian area. So the associated gas, which are rich in natural gas liquids in back in production.

So we are seeing more of a stable ethane prices from now to the end of the year. And even longer term, at least the future price is still seeing a reasonable, stable ethane price going forward..

Very helpful, Albert. Thank you so much..

Our next question comes from Kevin McCarthy with Vertical Research. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning. A question on capital deployment for you. You noted that you took out $259 million from your net debt balance during the quarter. And I guess, depending on where EBITDA settles out, perhaps your ratio of net debt-to-EBITDA will be two turns or perhaps slightly higher.

My question is, do you foresee a point in time when your cash flow will be dedicated more toward some combination of M&A or share repurchases relative to deleveraging? And when might that be?.

And so Kevin, when we think of the waterfall of use of cash, we think of the ability to use those funds, of course, to maintain and run the plants reliably and safely. You can see that we’ve got, I think, a reasonable level of capital expenditures planned for 2020.

And as we get into later in the year, we’ll talk about our plans for 2021 as we finish our capital budgeting. But our focus really is to make sure the plants are running reliably and consistently. We have no current large expansions announced. And so the opportunity to deploy that capital into value-add opportunities always is there.

If you look at how the business has grown over time, it’s been through organic growth. It’s been through debottlenecks, and in some cases, new plant expansions as well as through acquisitions. So we’re constantly on the horizon, looking for value-added opportunities and deploying the capital in that way is part of the use of that capital.

But certainly looking at rewarding investors with dividends as well as share buybacks is also part of that profile of cash flows as well. So we think it’s a very important avenue to reward shareholders, but at the same time, grow those – grow the value stream for those shares by investing capital that grows the underlying value of the business.

So it is a balanced effort..

Great. And then secondly, it’s obviously been an unusual season for construction activity.

Can you talk about where PVC industry operating rates were in 2Q? How you would expect them to trend into 3Q? And how your own rates might have compared to the industry?.

Yes. I think IHS reported that 2Q industry operating rate PVC in the U.S. is 73%, and they’re looking at 78% for third quarter. But from what we have seen, both in our PVC demand in the U.S.

and globally as well as our downstream building products demand, PVC demand is building products really strong and hence, we have the price increases announced, the $0.03 and the second $0.03 became a $0.02 reality and then it’s $0.04 out there for August.

And you can’t have price increases like this and – export price went from the low 500s in April to now the mid 700s or even going higher. So both domestic and export PVC price have been going up. And you can’t have price increase like this without strong demand. And as we understand, the inventory levels of producers in the U.S. are quite low.

And some of them are impacted by planned problems, some producers. So we should see stronger operating rates in PVC in the third quarter..

Excellent. Thank you very much..

Thank you. Our next question comes from David Begleiter with Deutsche Bank. You may proceed with your question..

Thank you. Good morning. Now some of the recent polyethylene price strength has been due to strong U.S. exports. How do you expect U.S.

exports to trend in the back half of the year as we are going to see some new capacity come online in China?.

That’s a good question. We understand Chinese demand is quite strong for polyethylene. And some of the reasons are that Iranian used to export fair amount of polyethylene, especially LDP to China. And because of the sanctions, the Iranian export has slowed down or stopped. Hence, China has been importing more products.

So – but on the other hand, we read that the U.S. demand – industry demand for polyethylene, domestic demand has grown pretty sharply, especially LDP. For the first 6 months of this year, we report indicated that domestic demand for LDP went up 7.4%, which is unusual. Usually, LDP demand increase between 1% and 2% a year.

So it shows that because of the COVID-19 and – consumers are buying more packaged goods and packaged to food, the demand, especially LDP has really strengthened. And at the same time, export LDP declined because there’s only so much LDP to supply. We have this increased domestic demand, you had to reduce exports.

But having said that, I think linear low and high-density export has also gone up a lot, reflecting the new capacities that we added in the U.S. and as well as the U.S. recovering competitive feedstock advantage that today, ethane is the lowest cost feedstock in the U.S. to produce ethylene as of July 30 report from IHS..

And given that strength, how are you feeling about the August $0.05 increase of polyethylene?.

We think it’s quite strong. And by the way, just beginning in August, a lot of things happened between now and end of August. But I think IHS indicated the $0.05 will go through, whereas I think CDI says it won’t go through. So we don’t know, maybe somewhere in between..

Thank you very much. Take care..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Mike Sison with Wells Fargo. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning. Just curious on the polyethylene price increases. Will those all flow through to the bottom line.

Just curious because I think in July, maybe some of the costs went up? And what do you think – how much of the $0.05 could flow through if you get that achieved?.

So Mike, as you know, the increase is typically for some of the larger volume buyers typically have some delay before they actually hit the bottom line. But nevertheless, if you look at where ethane is, we think, as Albert earlier noted, it’s in the low $0.22, $0.23, $0.21 and that range.

And so having some of these increases as we did announce in July and August will translate into improved results on the bottom line, but obviously, on a bit of a 1-month lag basis in some cases..

Got it. And then in terms of – I know you mentioned demand for PVC looks strong.

On a sequential basis, how strong do you think your PVC business will be on a top line basis versus second quarter?.

Well, you certainly saw a pullback because of the stay-at-home orders in the second quarter. And so operating rates were quite low, as you’ve seen, published in some of the industry consultants publications. And so, as Albert noted, and I noted, we’ve seen operating rates get much more elevated and remain very strong as we see demand today.

We’ve got price announcements to say in July, there was implemented a $0.02 increase in July, $0.03 was announced and $0.02 was implemented. And we’ve got an announcement for August as well of $0.04. We’ll see what gets implemented as we all know it’s early August, but demand looks very, very firm.

So with that said, operating rates remain elevated, and it looks like a good market..

Great, thank you..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Alex Yefremov with KeyBanc. You may proceed with your question..

Thank you. Good morning, everyone.

Do you see opportunities for bolt-on acquisitions in your building products business? Is this a good time to accelerate your rollout strategy?.

Well, Alex, I think, as you know, we’ve looked at a number of opportunities in the last year, took the opportunity to invest in the NAKAN PVC Compounding business as well as midyear DaVinci Roofing business. And so we do look for value-added opportunities downstream in our business, and to the extent that we find those and they make sense.

They’re nice additions. Both have performed very nicely since the transaction and certainly we look forward to finding opportunities, but it is always a balance of trying to find a balance between value and just bolting on for bolt-on sake, which we do not do. So the answer is we’ll look.

And if there are some value-added opportunities as we found last year, we’ll act on those..

Steve. And you mentioned you realized some solid price increases in the PVC resin and you’re building products.

Should we think about – how should we think about pricing there relative to PVC?.

Demand is, as you might imagine, in the DIY, our repair and remodeling space has been very firm. And we’ve also seen, and you probably have seen this from some of the homebuilders that they’ve also seen strong results. And so in our pipes or fittings or sidings, businesses have all seen solid demand.

And we certainly see pricing capability in all of those downstream products. And certainly, we’re acting on that everywhere we see an opportunity to act..

Thanks a lot..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Jim Sheehan with Truist Securities. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning. Thank you.

So could you comment on how the pandemic has affected your thinking about doing drop-downs into Westlake Chemical Partners?.

So Jim, as you know, there are four levers that we have available to us. One is the drop-down that you mentioned, and we still have a very significant portion that can be dropped. We have also acquisitions. And as you know, we acquired a portion of the LACC ethylene cracker last year, and our partner, Lotte, has the other half.

And so that could be an acquisition target. We’ve got an ability to think about debottlenecking over time and certainly, that new cracker at an appropriate time could be considered. And of course, margin expansion. So those four levers are the ones that we contemplate. It’s really looking at the kind of risk/reward we get.

And so as we take on the opportunity to look at growing the capabilities of the partnership to a drop-down of the other three levers, it’s all about is the unit price reflecting that growth in earnings and cash flows.

We’ve demonstrated over the last 6 years, the partnership is incredibly predictable in terms of its earnings and distributable cash flow. The issue is, if we’re getting the appropriate reward, we can act on any one of those four levers..

And it looks like there are some ethylene assets in the U.S. Gulf Coast that may be changing hands.

Are you an acquirer of ethylene assets and if not, how do you see the competitive landscape changing as a result of those asset sales?.

Well, I can never obviously comment on anything that we might be looking at or might not be looking at. But what I would say is that the competitive landscape is one that is, by definition, competitive. And so as we look across the spectrum, we always are willing to work with the market and our customers.

And should there be new entrants in the market, so be it. We think we’re very well positioned with our portfolio and think we’re very competitive with the products that we produce and support we provide our customers..

Yes. Just want to point out, as Steve mentioned, last – fourth quarter of last year, 2019, we acquired 30%-odd – 38% of LACC for $800 million. So we did just acquired..

Thank you..

Thank you. Your next question comes from PJ Juvekar with Citi. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning. It’s Eric Petrie on for PJ. Your earnings and your Olefins and Vinyls declined less than your peers. So wondering if you could give some color on that.

Is it better cost position, better fixed cost absorption or product mix variance?.

Well, Eric, I think when you look at our space, and I think Albert mentioned this, we’re very well positioned in the low-density space and some of our differentiated products.

And so certainly, in application such as food packaging and coating materials with everyone going to the grocery stores and buying packaged materials, I think we’re very well positioned with the autoclave technology that we have. And I think the specialization, that specialty end of that product wheel has demonstrated strength in this setting.

In our Vinyls space, we have the ability to really be well positioned not only in PVC resin, but also further downstream into vinyl products, pipes fitting, siding, a wide variety of downstream products as well as servicing others with our resin in that market.

And so I think the integration strategy that you hear us talk about has served us well in being able to service the export market with resin, the domestic market with resin, and of course, the construction and repair and remodeling markets with our downstream products. And I think that has helped us with the ability in this very dynamic market..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Jonas Oxgaard with Bernstein. You may proceed with your question..

Thank you. I was wondering, in the last couple of months, there’s been a lot of news on hydrogen.

Given that you guys are one of the largest operators of electrolyzers in the world, is this an opportunity you’re looking into, either as a producer or just an operator of hydrogen assets for others?.

Well, it will be very interesting. We’ve been reading a lot about it. You’re right. It’s electrolysis with power and with water rather than salt and brine. So we are all ears and anybody interested to talk to us, we’ll be pleased to talk with them..

But it’s not something you’re looking into directly?.

Well, we don’t have – right now, the hydrogen economy is – both hydrogen, I think, is made from natural gas. So it’s not quite the green hydrogen. I think they call it the Grey Hydrogen or whatever. And to be truly hydrogen economy, you need to be green, which using renewable power from solar and wind and – so there’s no CO2 production from that.

And you tie down to hydrogen pipeline and also either consumer and building hydrogen filling stations, which are very few, much less than the electrical charging stations, which people are building more of those. So I think we’re still several years away from it, but we are very interested in looking into it.

And as I said, anybody wants to talk to us, we’ll be pleased to talk with them..

Okay. Thank you..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Ben Issacson with Scotiabank. You may proceed with your question..

Thank you very much. Just one question actually on chlor-alkali.

Can you just talk about where you think we are in the cycle, given how demand has changed as a result of COVID and subsequent cancellations or deferrals of new projects? Do you see tightness in the market getting pushed back 1 year, 3 year, et cetera? Can you just talk about where we are in the cycle? Thank you..

Well, as Steve said, chlor-alkali demand really follows industrial production. And as you know, that starting – or around 2018, with the trade war between U.S. and China, China led with a decline in industrial production, which kind of impacted the rest of the industrial world.

And even – I think by the end of last year, we saw some signs of improvement with the Phase I tariff reduction with U.S. and China. But then we had COVID-19. And as you also know that unlike the Olefins business, there’s no new capacity added around the world in chlor-alkali. And actually U.S.

is the best place because of the low-power, you have a lot of salt domestically, and you have a big caustic market. So you’re right, the COVID-19 has pushed back probably the peak of caustic. But then how far the peak will be away from us? We don’t know, depending on really the global GDP recovery.

The faster recover, the faster the caustic demand will increase..

Thank you. Our next question comes from Frank Mitsch with Fermium Research. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning, gentlemen. I was struck by some of the cost actions that you took in the second quarter. Obviously, SG&A came down, and that was something that you highlighted in terms of delivering the results that you did.

And I was just curious if you might be able to cite what our expectations should be in the second half of 2020? And would you describe these cost actions as being structural that would continue into the future, i.e., 2021 or really more reactionary to the unusual circumstances we have with the pandemic?.

Yes, Frank, I would guide that the first 6 months run rate of SG&A is something that you could realistically think that might be deliverable in the second half of 2020. Many of the actions that we took will be sticky. But I think at the same time, remember, we’ve got commissions built into that SG&A line.

So that as business continues to improve, as we continue to see volume, there’ll certainly be some elevation on that. But I think directionally, that kind of run rate number for the first half of the year should be reasonable to consider for the second half of the year..

I know that the Westlake salespeople are appreciative of that commission line.

And with July already in the books, I was wondering if it might be possible to size the volumes that you saw in July versus June or versus the second quarter, however you want to term it, or at least give us an idea in the Olefins and the Vinyls business?.

Well, certainly, in the Olefins business with the stay-at-home orders and so much food being sold off grocery store shelves, operating rates were consistently pretty elevated all throughout the second quarter. And so that was, I think, kind of a hallmark all throughout the quarter and everybody that has been living through this pandemic knows that.

As you get into the Vinyls business, a lot of this went into certain construction industries. And so some markets here in the North American market did not designate the construction industry as a critical portion of infrastructure. And some export markets in Asia, India shutdown.

And so export for resin, in some cases, were greatly reduced because of the export markets backing up and some construction markets not being allowed to operate during some portion of the quarter. So operating rates, as I mentioned, got quite low.

But we certainly have seen a big and strong rebound as many states and provinces in North America opened up. And of course, those export markets opened up as well. So operating rates have come back, I mentioned at the end of June, they were about 84% for the industry..

Thank you so much..

Thank you. Our next question from Matthew Blair with Tudor, Pickering, Holt. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning, Albert and Steve. So it looks like benchmark natural gas prices in Europe have come down quite a bit. Is that something that you’ve been able to take advantage of in your European ECU plans? And then also, has that lowered the – I guess, flattened the cost curve? Has that affected your U.S.

caustic, either, I guess, profitability or volumes on the export side?.

Well, we’re obviously buyers of natural gas in markets in Europe and in North America. And so certainly, as we see prices move, we’ve been able to take advantage of that. And so when you think of the quarter-over-quarter results, we’ve seen lower fuel costs, which are natural gas costs.

And so that has been an advantage, and that’s very true also year-over-year. And so as prospectively, we look at markets in North America and in Europe, we’ve seen some recent uptick in natural gas here in the last few weeks.

But I think with the comments that Albert made, you heard him talk about higher oil prices, and we’ve seen producers come back into those fields and begin to produce. And so we’ll take a look at gas and see how things play out. But certainly, we believe there’s ample gas, but we can certainly see where gas has been moving a little bit very recently..

Thanks, I’ll leave it there..

Thank you. And your next question comes from John Roberts with UBS. You may proceed with your question..

Good morning. Ethylene glycol was pretty weak during the quarter.

Does that have any bearing on the operating rate at LACC or the allocation of ethylene?.

No. No. In fact, it does not. As I say, we invested – as Albert noted, we invested in the venture to really get nearly 50% ownership at the end of the fourth quarter. And certainly, we’re pulling on our pro rata share of the ethylene, and that did not have an effect on operating rates at LACC..

Okay. And then earlier, Steve, you mentioned all the different options you have for the MLP. It’s price has doubled off the low that it had earlier in the quarter there.

Does it need to go higher before you exercise any of those options?.

It’s certainly – it’s still yielding in the 10% range. And so certainly, I think investors would like to see it appreciate greater than that. We think the underlying strength of the cash flows demonstrate the ability to ride through all kinds of challenges. And this pandemic is probably the biggest challenge we’ve all faced.

So I think that the stability here is an illustration that valuations still need to be higher than where it sits today. I certainly think that it is a very well-performing partnership..

Thank you..

At this time, the Q&A session is now ended.

Are there any closing remarks?.

Thank you again for participating in today’s call. We hope you’ll join us again for our next conference call to discuss our third quarter results..

domestic callers should dial 855-859-2056, international callers may access the replay at 404-537-3406. The access code for both numbers is 5145968..