option one, click the Raise Hand icon at the bottom of your screen; or option two, submit your question by clicking the Q&A icon at the bottom of the screen. With that, I’d like to turn the call over to Paul..

Well, thank you, Eva, and thanks to everyone for joining. I’m truly delighted to show our outstanding financial results with you today. And as always, key members of the executive team are with me in the room to take you through the business and the financials.

The strong performance of our businesses exceeded expectations with sales growing 9% at constant exchange rate. Dupixent was once again the main driver within Specialty Care with robust growth in all markets and new indications. The next major waypoint of €10 billion sales is now approaching and is achievable as soon as next year.

To remind you, we introduced this submission only three years ago, when many of you considered this target to be, well, rather aggressive.

Dupixent’s unique profile in treating type 2 inflammatory diseases, coupled with our team’s ability to execute launches, propel this exceptional medicine to new sales milestones while raising the bar for novel treatments in immunology. This quarter marked another record in Vaccines sales, reaching €3.3 billion, an increase of almost 24% from Q3 2021.

Our success is primarily credited to our differentiated flu vaccines, exemplifying our unparalleled leadership in this field. two-thirds of our global flu sales in Q3 were generated by our high-dose flu brands, reflecting the recognition by payers and providers of this superior value and protection beyond flu.

Higher sales were also driven by our capacity to speedily manufacture and supply the vaccines to our customers. Finally, our core General Medicines and Consumer Health brands continued to grow while we stayed disciplined in our efforts to divest nonperforming tail products.

Moving to slide 7, let’s look at our pharma and vaccine performance in the United States. With 15% growth at CER in the quarter, our U.S. sales reached almost 50% of total company sales, a remarkable achievement driven not only by Dupixent but Specialty Care at large and -- sorry, and Vaccines.

In Specialty Care, the launches of Nexviazyme and Sarclisa are also contributing to growth. In Vaccines, sales remain centered around our influenza and meningitis businesses. And we also continue to be impressed by the launch of Rezurock and are seeing a positive effect on the performance of the broader transplant franchise.

In mid-August, a set of healthcare policies was signed into law by President Biden as part of the broader Inflation Reduction Act bill.

We believe that the implementation of these policies will likely create significant uncertainties across our industry with regards to sustainable investment in science and innovation and artificially influence future R&D decisions.

Importantly, the new reform bill does not address the core concerns around patient affordability and access to innovative medicines. Inflation penalties will present a significant challenge to an industry dependent on a constant cycle of investments into innovation and expectations from others in the supply chain for additional rebates and fees.

Because Sanofi has followed an industry-leading responsible pricing policy for several years, we do not see any immediate impact from the inflation penalty provision. Overall, Sanofi is well positioned in the short term to navigate the core elements related to this drug pricing reform bill in the coming years. Our portfolio of products in the U.S.

has limited exposure to government channels. Our growth drivers are generally newer medicines and vaccines. And specifically to Dupixent, we do not expect impact from Medicare pricing negotiation to take effect before 2031. On slide 8, well, we’re excited about the prospectus of launching two potentially transformative medicines in 2023.

First, we believe efanesoctocog alfa or Altuviiio, undergoing priority review by the U.S. FDA in hemophilia A could potentially transform the treatment paradigm in a highly fragmented market. Market research suggests that a majority of people living with hemophilia remain open to alternative treatment options.

What worked against us with Hemlibra and how dynamic these patients actually are will work for us with Altuviiio’s new benchmark in efficacy. Second, with Beyfortus, we’ll be breaking new ground in how we protect all infants against RSV, a leading cause of infant hospitalization worldwide.

The CHMP has recently adopted a positive opinion, and our teams are having frequent interactions with ACIP in the U.S. Given its potential to prevent 80% of hospitalizations, we expect Beyfortus to become the best option in 2023 to achieve all infant protection against RSV. Moving to slide 9. Our R&D transformation continues at pace.

Our transition from a -- well, a me too late to a competitive first-in-class, best-in-class medicines company is fully underway. Over the last three years, we have almost doubled the number of NMEs across the key areas in immunology, oncology, neurology and vaccines.

Two-thirds of our portfolio is now in biologics and more than 70% are fully owned assets. We also continue to establish partnerships with cutting-edge biotechs, such as Scribe Therapeutics and its technology to enable genetic modification of NK cells.

And we look forward to demonstrating over the next years the progress we’re making in this area in particular. Through business development, we also access innovation in areas where we have stopped R&D but still have a successful commercial franchise, such as tablizumab for type 1 diabetes and organ-specific autoimmune disease.

Before we look at the rich scientific news flow over the next 18 months on slide 10, let me comment on two recent pipeline updates. Amcenestrant, our oral SERD, was recently discontinued as it failed to meet our high efficacy bar for the target product profile to win in a competitive field.

While we are disappointed by this outcome, we believe going for at speed was the right thing to do, given its excellent safety and the potential to become a new standard of care in adjuvant breast cancer care. On SAR’245, our non-alpha IL-2, internal and external data emerged over recent months.

And we took the decisive action to discontinue the current Phase 2 and reallocate resources to initiate a new Phase 1/2 program. We remain optimistic that with an intensified dosing regime, SAR’245 still holds promise and will play a role in cancer treatments in the future.

So, as we do things that we’ve never done before, we’re taking on some risks and possibilities of early failures, but it will also lead us to eventually win big with truly transformational medicines. Now looking forward, we expect two major pivotal readouts in 2023, Dupixent in COPD and tolebrutinib in RMS.

The first Dupixent COPD study is fully enrolled, and results are expected in the first half of 2023. The second study started later, as you know, and is expected to finish recruitment early next year with the results expected in early ‘24. And what a game changer that would be.

Regarding tolebrutinib, we previously mentioned that the RMS studies are fully recruited with an expected readout in the second half of 2023. Regarding the FDA request for additional information to address the partial hold in the U.S., I can confirm that the responses were submitted to the agency as we planned.

We have several other pivotal data sets reading out, the fitusiran Phase 3 study data for the 50 milligram and 20-milligram dosing the IMROZ study for Sarclisa. Bill will tell you a little bit more about these opportunities in a moment.

Finally, with close to 30 early-stage readouts from assets with first- or best-in-class profiles, especially in immunology, we are set to deliver on our ambition to transform the purpose of medicine.

As Sanofi teams around the world are taking decisive actions to minimize the environmental impact of our products and activities, we remain committed to play our part in driving further change across the entire health care sector.

That’s why at COP26 in Glasgow last year, upon the invitation of King Charles III, Sanofi joined the Sustainable Markets Initiative, a healthcare task force that includes leaders from the WHO, UNICEF, other renowned academic and nongovernmental organizations and, of course, pharmaceutical companies.

I have the privilege of championing the task force on the decarbonization of the patient journey, and I will engage with authorities, payers, healthcare professionals to identify concrete solutions. In parallel, we have also launched internal initiatives on how to decarbonize the patient care pathway for Dupixent, for example.

And with that, I hand over the call to Bill.

Bill?.

Thank you, Paul. Moving to Specialty Care on slide 13, Sanofi’s largest business unit by sales, we are excited to report another strong quarter of roughly 20% growth, reaching €4.4 billion. During the quarter, we saw particular strength from Dupixent and rare diseases, both benefiting from launch momentum.

Before we move to discussing Dupixent performance in more detail on the following slides, let me remind you that Q3 double-digit sales growth for Specialty Care has to be seen against the deconsolidation of Libtayo sales, which were €35 million in Q3 2021.

Rare diseases once again showed sustainable performance driven by the success of our teams to unlock commercial potential through persistent accrual of patients and execution in key markets. In oncology, our launch momentum continues for Sarclisa with strong uptake in key launch territories, globally supported by its compelling data in later lines.

More on Sarclisa’s launch trajectory in a minute. Moving to slide 14, let’s take a closer look at Dupixent performance in Q3. Adding to Paul’s earlier comments, this outstanding medicine and team generated another quarter of impressive sales, already annualizing close to €9 billion.

On its growth trajectory, Dupixent achieved a number of new milestones underpinning its success, including reaching a 0.5 million patients now on therapy five years after launch and recent approval in its fifth disease indication, prurigo nodularis. Of note in this quarter, ex U.S.

sales continue on a greater than 40% growth trajectory, now annualizing close to €2 billion and nearly blockbuster status in Europe alone. Looking at sales evolution in the U.S.

market, we are pleased by the robust growth of 45% driven by all indications, including our most recent launches in EoE and our AD age expansion down to 6 months of age, which makes Dupixent the first biologic in immunology to be approved in this age group.

Turning to slide 15, we highlight the steady expansion of our leadership in specialty dermatology. Today, we are pleased to focus on the benefit of Dupixent in patients suffering from prurigo nodularis, a debilitating skin disease, which impacts 75,000 most-in-need patients across the U.S. alone.

Patients suffering from PN experience persistent itch, thick nodules and sensations of burning and stinging skin. The impact of PN on quality of life is one of the highest among inflammatory skin diseases due to the relentless itch.

The PN approval was another proof point of our conviction in the science of type 2 inflammation and the incredible execution of our team moving directly to a Phase 3. The FDA granted us approval under priority review as the first-and-only treatment indicated for PN, and we are now launching in the U.S.

We will continue to innovate under the same guiding principles evaluating the potential of inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13 with Dupixent, of which we highlight on the slide, those focused on chronic skin diseases.

Turning to slide 16, I’d like to provide you with an update on our excellent launch progress with Nexviazyme, which is now available in nine countries, including the U.S., Japan and beginning in Q3, the first launches in Europe.

Nexviazyme is our important new innovation in the treatment of Pompe disease, a progressive and debilitating rare disease that impairs the patient’s ability to move and breathe. We believe it has the potential to become the new standard of care in the Pompe market, where we have already achieved blockbuster sales of €1 billion in 2021.

We see strong market adoption of Nexviazyme, demonstrating that we are only at the beginning of unlocking the full global commercial potential. Just about one year into the U.S.

launch, more than 60% of the treated LOPD, or late-onset Pompe disease patients, are now using Nexviazyme, representing the majority of the €58 million in sales indicated on this slide. New country launches, market penetration and the expansion of the U.S. label to infant onset patients, or IOPD, which represents approximately one-third of the U.S.

Pompe population, provide additional growth opportunities for Nexviazyme in the future. Moving to slide 17, we shine a brief spotlight on the successful uptake of Sarclisa, our anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody for multiple myeloma.

As you will recall, Sarclisa is currently only approved for treatment in later lines of therapy, which represents roughly one-third of the total estimated multiple myeloma market potential depicted on this slide.

Leveraging the strong clinical data from both, the ICARIA and IKEMA trials, we continue to capture significant market share in approved indications with continuous growth in launch markets. We remain excited about the additional growth potential based on MROs, which will open up the largest commercial opportunity in the newly diagnosed patients.

The readout is now expected in the second half of 2023. We are making good progress with our competitive subcutaneous program and have started recruitment in our pivotal trial. With that, I hand over to Thomas to update you on the Vaccines business..

76.4% efficacy compared to placebo, 76.8% reduction of RSV associated hospitalization and the safety and tolerability comparable to placebo. These study results were presented at ACIP meeting last week.

Of note, ACIP also requested an analysis putting the two data sets on this slide, and it showed 80.6% efficacy against medically attended LRTIs, including hospitalization. I invite you to look at the ACIP website to get more details about this data.

Overall, the consistency of the efficacy data, hospitalization reduction, and safety numbers that we observed across all pivotal studies speak to the strength of the product, and these results reinforce the public health value Beyfortus can provide against the first cause of hospitalization in infants. I’m thrilled by the progress made.

With the recent CHMP positive opinion and the U.S. FDA filing acceptance expected in Q4, we do look forward to bringing the first RSV immunization available to all infants next season. Let me now hand over the call to Olivier..

Thank you, Thomas. Moving now to General Medicines on slide 21, the execution of our strategy with a focus on core assets continues to deliver. This core portfolio grew 2.4% in the third quarter, excluding Lovenox that is affected by a market decline following high demand during COVID, the portfolio grew 11%.

Total General Medicines’ sales decreased 8.5% to €3.5 billion in Q3. This was mainly driven by the performance of the non-core assets that were down 12.8%. As we outlined in early 2021, we have down prioritized this part of the business and dramatically reduced the promotion behind those assets.

In Q3, the anticipated China VBP impact on Lantus contributed negatively on top. Total glargine sales, which include Lantus and Toujeo, were down 31.6% in Q3 due to Lantus while we see strong uptake of Toujeo.

Product divestitures, which are key to our ongoing strategy streamlining efforts, had an impact of minus 1.8 percentage points on the non-core asset performance in Q3. Adjusting for the impact of divestitures and the deconsolidation of EUROAPI third-party sales, GenMed sales decreased 4.1%.

On slide 22, I’d like to focus on the performance of our core assets in the third quarter. Toujeo sales were up 17.2%, driven by Europe and the Rest of the World region. The strong performance of Toujeo in Rest of the World is mainly due to China. Our transplant franchise continued to deliver a strong performance.

Sales are driven by Rezurock as well as by the strong growth of Thymoglobulin. We are seeing robust adoption of Rezurock with more than 1,300 patients treated since launch. This corresponds to more than 30% of the current addressable market in the U.S.

HCP and patient demand continue to be strong for Rezurock at transplant centers across the U.S., showing the therapeutic unmet need for an effective and tolerable treatment option. Praluent sales grew by 34% in Q3, driven by continued growth in Europe as well as the ramp-up in China due to the inclusion in NDRLs since the beginning of the year.

Plavix sales were slightly down in the third quarter. We saw some sales growth in China offset by mandatory price cuts in Japan at the beginning of April and lower sales in Europe.

In conclusion, our performance in the first nine months makes us confident to deliver this year mid-single-digit growth for our core assets and a slight decline of overall GenMed sales, excluding EUROAPI. With that, I hand over the call to Julie..

Thank you, Olivier. As you all know, robust consumer demand for health and wellness solutions has resulted in high pace growth even at rates above 2019 pre-COVID.

Now, in recent months, we have started to see growth moderation driven by a high base from last year’s COVID vaccination and cough and cold boost and by a market exorbitant signs of tighter economy and inflationary pressure. This is resulting in growth driven by price over volume.

In this context, our performance continues to outpace the market on a 12-month rolling basis. I am proud to highlight two achievements that demonstrate the excellence and continuity of our execution. The first is allergy, where we have constantly gained share over the past two years.

Allegra, our largest global brand, is a key driver of our success in this category. Strong base and innovation performance, coupled with successful expansion into new geographies, has positioned Allegra as the largest growth contributor to the category worldwide.

Notably, the brand has achieved a 10% market share in the UK in only nine months post launch. The second big achievement is digestive wellness. We hold the number one position globally in gastrointestinals plus probiotics subcategories and have outperformed the market for 15 consecutive months.

On the next slide, I will highlight our performance in this category in the third quarter. But first, let me share with you our overall Q3 performance. On the next slide, in Q3, our sales grew almost 2% and 3.5%, excluding the impact of divestments.

This growth is on top of the strong third quarter last year, driven by a post-COVID rebound in vaccination. Digestive wellness in cough and cold categories posted exceptional results, while allergy was down on the back of a mild season in the U.S.

Turning to cough and cold, we continued to deliver strong performance with our largest cough brands, Mucosolvan and Bisolvon. That together grew over 40% versus prior year. A sustained strong season bolstered these Q3 results. Digestive wellness also delivered a standout performance in the period with the category growing across all regions.

We have several global digestive brands that are leaders within their segments and delivering growth. Just to name a few on the next page, I’m happy to share that Enterogermina has become number one in probiotics, expanding to preventative use and to adult segments across key markets.

Dulcolax is the number one non-prescriptive laxative, spurred by innovation in Chewy Bites and Soft Chews together with our successful communication campaign that is attracting new user by challenging the taboo associated with the category.

Buscopan is the world’s number one nonprescription antispasmodic and IBS remedy and growing across all markets due to strong fundamentals and expansion into new segments in Latin America. Last is Essentiale, the number one nonprescription liver and bile remedies brand worldwide and continues to outperform the market.

This consistent momentum in performance is made possible by the tremendous work of our teams to set up an infrastructure that allows us to succeed. First, we are on track to establish our standalone CHC organization within Sanofi.

All but two CHC legal entities are live as of today, and we are working now on the second phase of this standalone process, which consists of moving additional critical support functions under the CHC umbrella and build a fit-for-growth organization.

At the same time, we continue to simplify our portfolio, increasing our focus and as a result, gaining the agility that enables us to size opportunities. I am very proud of the enthusiasm and resilience of our teams, delivering while transforming in an increasingly challenging environment. With that, I’m handing it over to Jean-Baptiste, our CFO..

Thank you very much. Thank you, Julie. A year ago, Sanofi planned to be carbon-neutral by 2030. On this journey, our priority is to reduce our GHG emissions as much as possible on to neutralize the residual emissions with carbon-offsetting projects. Today, almost 90% of our emissions are coming from our value chain, meaning our suppliers.

Through our supplier program, we are working with them to reduce our emissions. Our offsetting programs are thus mainly designed to cover the residual emission of our suppliers, known also as Scope 3. We want our offsetting projects not only to capture carbon but also to have a positive impact on vulnerable communities.

We want a fully integrated ESG approach. And we are delighted to announce, we have signed our first two carbon-offsetting programs with EcoAct. The projects highlighted on the slide will help us capturing carbon while improving living and social conditions of local rural families in Kenya. On slide 28, turning to our financial performance.

Company sales increased 9% at constant exchange rate in the third quarter, driven by a remarkable performance of 20% growth in both Specialty Care and Vaccines. We said we would be improving on our gross margin, and we are delivering based on favorable portfolio shifts and savings. But given the macroeconomic environment, the pace is slowing down.

We are committed to science, and our R&D spend increased during the quarter by close to 13% driven by some of our large fully recruited Phase 3 trials as well as our investments in the Mariner. [Ph] SG&A was mainly driven by Specialty Care, the flu vaccine and our digital infrastructure.

Other operating income benefited from net gains from disposal of around €125 million on the true-up for the increased Dupixent development balance, contributing to a BOI margin of 36% in the quarter. With an effective tax rate of 19% versus 21% in the same period last year, EPS grew 17.9% at constant exchange rates.

Moving to slide 29, on taking a year-to-date view, sales grew 8.6%, and our BOI margin improved by 110 bps at constant exchange rate. R&D investment grew by close to 13% in the first nine months driven by our fully recruited late-stage trial as well by adding earlier asset on investing in our mRNA center of excellence, as I mentioned.

So, on slide 31, we have to achieve around 160 bps BOI margin improvement for the full year to reach the 30% target that we set in 2019. And in fact, we upgraded this target during the journey. We upgraded it in 2020 by 100 bps when we sold our part in Regeneron equity stake.

With 110 bps achieved in the first nine months, a further step-up will be needed. On the top right, we are highlighting the main drivers of Q4 profitability. The main contributor would be Dupixent growth accretive to group BOI margin starting from this year, as pointed out before.

Other contributing factors will be capital gains from planned divestitures, which we estimate to be around €200 million for the remainder of the year. We will also deliver marketing and selling savings as part of our €2.5 billion selling plant in Q4.

On the other hand, some negative drivers to keep in mind are the flu vaccines phasing with close to 70% of planned northern hemisphere sales already shipped in Q3 on continued macroeconomic headwinds, such as increased cost of energy and transportation as well as labor costs. Getting to the last slide on the full year 2022 guidance.

We are upgrading our expectation on EPS growth to around 16% at constant exchange rate and foresee a positive currency impact of 9.5% to 10.5% based on October actual rates. In summary, it’s another quarter of strong commercial and financial execution, leading to double-digit EPS growth.

We laid out our strategy in 2019, and we are rigorous about delivering on it. We are fully on track to achieve our 30% BOI target and double-digit EPS growth in 2022. Our business fundamentals are strong. Risks are low compared to our peers’ LOE.

Of the 6 priority assets we picked in December ‘19, Dupixent is outperforming all expectations as Toujeo and Beyfortus are getting ready to launch. We aspire to be a sustainable growth story. And for this, it takes some groundwork.

So, rich pipeline news flows that we expect in the next 18 months has a potential to identify more key assets that we will need for the growth mid to long term. Let’s open now the call to Q&A..

option one, click the Raise Hand icon at the bottom of your screen, and you will be notified when your line is open to ask your question, at that time, please make sure you unmute your microphone; or option two is to submit your questions by clicking the Q&A icon at the bottom of the screen, and then your question will be read by our panel.

So, can we have the first question, please?.

Yes. The first question is from Graham Parry..

So, the first one is just on the launches next year. So, you just help us understand the speed of launch that you can expect from efanesoctocog and nirsevimab next year.

So, these products where you see -- you feel there’s launch awareness already, reimbursement will be straightforward, guideline committees likely to include quickly, and therefore, we could see a very rapid launch, or is there quite a lot of building to be done on those? And then the second question is on the findings of the tolebrutinib Hepatic Assessment Committee.

So, if you could just perhaps detail what they were. I know that date is obviously now being filed back to FDA, and your own DMC seems satisfied with it. But perhaps you can just give us a little bit more color about what the conclusions of that committee were? Thank you..

Thank you, Graham. We’re going to call it Altuviiio, Graham, from here on out. So thank you. That’s a mouthful. And with Factor VIII buried in it, you can see in the brand name, so just trying to help out. I’m going to go to Bill, and then I’ll go to Thomas to give you an update on launch readiness and the likely sort of steepness of the uptakes.

So, Bill?.

Great. Thanks for the question, Graham. Look, we’re really excited about Altuviiio. As you know, we are redefining efficacy in the hemophilia A space.

I think this is something that the community is just starting to understand that rather than most of it only being hitting a maximum of being kind of mildly -- having mild hemophilia, we’re offering something which gets you close to normal. So, this is going to take some rethinking by the community, but they’re excited.

And as you heard in our ISTH presentation, the KOLs there, I think they both said they don’t see a reason why every patient with hemophilia A who is on factor wouldn’t be on Altuviiio.

And that’s certainly the approach that we’re taking, and that’s the value proposition that we’ll be offering to the community that you can achieve a new level of efficacy with a true weekly administration, which is something new. So with that, we’re very excited. It will take some education.

We think that we’ll be able to secure the appropriate reimbursement and so forth. But we have to work through the practicalities of patients coming back into the hemophilia treatment center, et cetera. But we are going to be making the request to the community that they switch all patients on factor..

I think that’s pretty clear. And as we said -- I said in my comments, what worked against us with Hemlibra at the beginning will work for as these patients are searching for that normal life. And I think we’re going to be well set. I was at ISTH with you. It was really fabulous. And maybe we’ll come to you, Thomas.

What about guidelines going to play a role, RSV, outstanding efficacy? But how do you think the uptake is going to have?.

Great question, Graham. Of course, we’re very excited about the coming launch in 2023. And you know very well that there is currently very severe RSV season in the U.S. or in Europe. So, I think the timing for the first-ever intervention to prevent for infant RSV infection is really due for newborns.

In terms of dynamic for the coming launch, well, as you know, in the process for immunizations, we have to go through recommending bodies. Our expectation is that we expect in the U.S., for example, an ACIP recommendation in June 2023, which will enable us then to launch the product for the 2023 RSV season.

So, it’s really going to be about the discussion with a different recommending bodies then recommendation, then launch. And of course, as always for immunization, you have a progressive ramp-up year-on-year to fix this..

And I’ve learned, Thomas, from you and others that once those guidelines move, things really move very fast. And I think that’s quite interesting for us. So, we look forward to that.

It’s great, but we’re going to start with two launches, right? When was the last time we’ve had that opportunity to call on that and moving to perhaps what could be our third launch. But John, maybe give an update..

Yes. Graham, the Hepatic Assessment Committee did meet several times and took a fine-tooth comb to the data. Their recommendation to the DMC was to continue to resume dosing in the countries that allow that, of course, with the appropriate monitoring.

You’ll recall that we did adjust the protocol for more frequent monitoring in the early couple of months. And so, we did do that, and we’ve been back to enrolling outside the United States and a couple of other countries. So, I’m pleased to say that in addition to the relapsing MS studies, both of those now fully recruited.

And incidentally, we’ve had 97% retention of patients on those studies. So, safety has been good. We now are almost, very close, a couple of patients away, from having a secondary progressive MS study fully recruited as well..

Thanks, John..

The next question will be from Wimal Kapadia from Bernstein.

Wimal?.

[Technical Difficulty].

Sorry, Wimal, your connection is very bad. We cannot hear you..

[Technical Difficulty].

Wimal, we can’t hear you..

Yes. Wimal, we can’t hear you. So, you may have to reconnect….

Can you hear me, now?.

No. We’re going to hang you. We’re just going to move to the next question and come back to you if you connect again..

We’ll find a way back to you, Wimal..

So, we’ll take the next question from Richard Parkes from Exane BPN, and come back to you, Wimal..

Just got a couple. I know you’re not going to guide for 2023 yet, but I just wondered if you could talk about the pushes and pulls to margin performance next year. There’s been a fair amount of gains this year.

So, I wonder if that gets fully offset, if that turns to a headwind by operational efficiencies and leverage to see continued margin improvement next year. I know you’re not going to guide.

If you could just talk us through the moving parts there and your thinking in terms of prioritizing continued margin evolution versus reinvestment back in the business? And then secondly, just out of interest on Sarclisa, you flagged the good uptake there. I’m just wondering where you’re seeing that use coming from.

Is it in patients that have previously been exposed to Darzalex? And I’m wondering what the physician experience is in terms of the efficacy holding up in those patients. Thank you very much..

Okay. Thank you, Richard. Maybe Jean-Baptiste, good moment for you to not talk about 2023..

Richard, right guess, we are not guiding for ‘23 yet. But we have all in mind what it is about ‘23. We have the LoE so that everybody can praise. Everything is on the table. Our eyes are on ‘25 really, ‘25. We know what we have to deliver. And of course, in each choices we make, we always tend to privilege the R&D, creation for the future.

And that’s our internal guidance, which guides us all on choices. So, ‘25 on track, and we have this Aubagio LoE and we’ll make all the choices which allow us to create as much value as possible for the midterm..

Great. Thanks, J-B.

Bill, a quick comment on Sarclisa?.

Yes. No, thanks for the question. Look, we’re seeing it in second and third line where it’s indicated right now. These don’t tend to be patients that have been exposed to dara in the past. These are actually -- physicians are making the choice based upon the really strong clinical profile that we see with Sarclisa.

And just as you think about our IKEMA Phase 3 results, which was Isa-Kd versus Kd, we showed an unprecedented PFS of three years-plus in that study. And that’s something which the community is starting to understand better.

We think that each successive trial shows that we are emerging as perhaps the best-in-class, but physicians are making the choice to use it..

Thanks, Bill. And I think it was touched on earlier, can do it in more detail, but I think you touched on it, that getting into the earlier setting, getting into subcutaneous is really where we should see the breakthrough. But I think we have to say we’re pleased with how things are going given where we started. So, all round pretty good. Okay.

Next question?.

Yes. Let’s try again with Wimal Kapadia from Bernstein..

Hey.

Can you hear me now?.

Yes..

So, two questions, please. So, Dupi -- first on Dupi. It’s annualizing at over €9 billion. Paul, you mentioned potentially over €10 billion next year. So, what’s really stopping you coming out today and saying this is now at least a $15 billion drug -- €15 billion drug ex COPD.

I’m assuming internally, actually, you’re assuming potentially higher numbers in the 13. So, just curious how you think about that, Paul. And then my second question is just on some of the smaller catalysts over the next 18 months. We know about tole, fitusiran, the OX40, the CEACAM5.

But if you had to point to 2 or 3 assets from the earlier immunology pipeline over the next 18 months that you highlighted on slide 10, which do you think are the most interesting? So really, what I’m asking about is, is it rilza, is it a CD40, is it a topical BTK, the TNF, IRAK4, et cetera? There’s quite a lot there.

So, which one should we really be focused on?.

Okay. Thank you, Wimal. We’ve announced a series of waypoints for Dupixent. We said back in ‘19, we’d go beyond 10. And we said earlier this year, I think it was beyond 13. You know as well as I do, we don’t get a ton of credit for trying to post a big number, but we’re being very disciplined about how we operate, the launches.

All these launches in all these countries are just truly incredible. And the eosinophilic esophagitis launch, for example, and recent setbacks for the competition, it is really truly incredible, the number of prescribers. So, we’re learning as we go, and I think it’s just a really fabulous performance, an incredible drug.

And to remind everybody, you know this, but there will be competition and the market needs to grow. But nobody competes with us across all of the diseases. No single competitor. So the opportunity is significant. So when we feel it’s necessary to do so, we’ll share another waypoint.

But I think we’ve been quite generous, communicating that will be -- we hope to exceed €10 billion in 2023. To your other point, there’s quite a few exciting things going on really.

And we’ve been very clear about -- with the Nanobody platform, for example, we’re able to take quite a few shots and we shared some of the shots with you at the Immunology Day earlier this year. And some are going to be big successes and some will fail. And we’re sort of learning that, but we’re setting a high bar.

We -- myself, I get quite bullish, but only bullish when we set a high bar and a target product profile and that it delivers. That’s what we’re trying to do. That’s what we continually try to do. And not all of the Nanobodies will work.

But if I’m really happy with the progress, it be the IL-13 TSLP, for example, which I think could really -- that has the opportunity to raise the efficacy bar in asthma. I mean, how incredible would that be? We’ve talked a little over the last weeks and months about the oral TNF you’ve never been done.

Can you imagine, if we get the efficacy and we’ll pick up proof-of-mechanism data in psoriasis in the first part of next year. And that’s going to be really interesting. Again, I’m learning, for good or for bad, in this job that things, particularly early things, do fail.

But the number of shots on goal that are first and best is becoming really compelling. And I have a little bit of a -- how should I put it, like another sleeper would be IRAK4. If we can get that through the finishing line and have two orals in this space, well, that would be pretty incredible too.

And remember, we’re really trying to grow these assets in the right way with the right level of understanding. And we’re going to become the world’s leading immunology company. So, they’re just a few that pick up. Jean-Baptiste...

I think we have to -- to start, watch out on the speed at which we catch up on mRNA because -- so we have the [indiscernible] vaccine coming up. So, I’m quite excited also by those too..

My friendly neighborhood CFO loves vaccines, and you have figured out so far. An unscripted response from him is always a joy..

The next question will be from Emily Field from Barclays..

I had a question on Sarclisa, just on the subcutaneous study.

If that were to be successful and then we also saw a success with the IMROZ study in ‘23, would you be able to move that formulation into earlier lines of therapy? And does the subcutaneous formulation extend the IP at all? And then just secondly on Dupixent, is there any updates on the implementation of the new manufacturing process? Should we still expect that to be coming through in 2024? Thank you..

Okay. So two questions. And Sarclisa subcutaneous and IMROZ, convergence of that, and could we go -- and how does that look, and maybe I’ll start with you, Bill, if you want to....

Sure. No. Thanks for the question. Look, it’s the same formulation for the subcutaneous. And this is a device which the community is actually really excited about. And feedback from investigators so far, there’s been a lot of interest in participating in the trial, a lot of anticipation about the benefit that it offers. It’s a very simple.

Patient puts it on their skin. And over the course of 10, 20 minutes, whatever, it slowly gives you injection. And so far, satisfaction has been great, what we’ve seen. And we’re looking forward to the results. And those will get closer and closer now to those IMROZ readouts..

It’s funny as well because I think -- I would agree with you, Bill. When we first started working together, we met KOLs, talked about Sarclisa, they really are impressed by it. They think it’s quite unique. But to be honest, you have to be in early lines and you have to be subcutaneous.

I think when J-B talked about how we’re managing the R&D spend, it was also one of our -- it’s going to cover a bit of work to partner for a low royalty to be able to take the risk with, in this case, Blackstone to get that subcutaneous there whilst not having an opportunity cost on the rest of our pipeline.

So, a really nice work really, to be honest. And it’s one of the things that could really come a little bit later and quite strongly for us. I don’t know, Brendan, do you want to add to Emily’s question around the Dupi process..

Yes. Sure. Happy to update that we’ve had approved for the new process in the U.S. and in Europe in Q3. And we’re expecting expanded approval for additional sites manufacturing in that process later in Q4 as well. So, we’re in good shape to expand the rollout of that new formulation coming in 2024..

The next question will be from Peter Welford from Jefferies. Peter..

First one actually, just going back to Sarclisa again, just curious on the IMROZ Phase 3.

Did that study pass an interim analysis, and therefore, now read on into second half ‘23, or is it just a slowing of the event rate that’s resulted in that? And equally, any plans to initiate any other combination studies in the earlier-line settings? And then just the second question is just more broadly on business development.

Wonder if you can give us your updated thoughts in terms of what’s happened with valuations and expectations in the biotech sector for management there.

We’ve seen a couple of deals from other companies come through, particularly what you’re thinking is now with regards to pipeline versus on the other hand deals that have perhaps more near-term financial benefits for Sanofi, particularly potentially diversifying growth drivers of profit streams. Thank you..

Okay. Thank you. It’s nice to get some questions on Sarclisa, to be honest.

But John, do you want to add something, early combinations and other expectations?.

Yes. So first on the IMROZ indeed, we -- there was a look at the data at the DMC. We -- their recommendation was to continue moving the study forward. The health authorities, too, have been recommending that we not get too serious about unwinding until we’ve had about 75% of advanced member -- it’s a event-driven study.

So we’re chugging along and expecting some more insights till next year delivery unfolds. On the early side, yes, we are gearing up. You’ll probably be seeing some new things in the near future with other early combos with Sarclisa. I guess I would only hint that you’ll notice that we’re doing a lot in the NK, natural killer space.

And that’s a good combo partner for Sarclisa because it’s an ADCC-competent antibody, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and a lot of that’s mediated via the NK cells. So, that’s a nice opportunity for us to try to bring some of our portfolio together around Sarclisa and exploit that mechanism in that biology..

I think as well, we looked at Sarclisa early on and certainly when we got through the prioritization exercise in 2019, and we knew there were other options for a higher, if you like, level of breakout performance.

But three years later, as the data matures and the move to subcutaneous and combination opportunities present themselves, you start to realize that this medicine that’s already doing very well could really do something significant. It’s worth a deeper dive maybe at an R&D Day or beyond over -- we may get to that.

As for biotech valuations or things, I don’t know whether Jean-Baptiste, you want to just make a quick comment?.

Yes. Well, as we commented before, we are not opportunistic on that front. We really look at the intrinsic value of the deals we are looking at. And then, we do think that to fuel our pipeline, where it has to be in terms of number of shots on goal, it’s a mix. It’s a mix of our internal work, BD, M&A.

So, yes, we don’t think to do otherwise what we declared in December ‘19 on go on that route, which is always a bumpy road when you aim for best in class, first in class. But that’s where we are on whatever the valuations are, we are counting and looking with the team what could be done..

The next question will be from David Risinger from SVB Leerink..

Yes. Thanks very much.

Can you hear me?.

Yes..

Great. So congrats on the performance. I have two questions, please. First, could you discuss your corporate governance strategy as it relates to U.S.

product liability litigation, specifically, the Company’s corporate responsibility not to issue financial payments to plaintiffs when it’s unknown what causes cancer? Even if local juries come to the wrong conclusion, one would think state appellate courts are unlikely to conclude that Zantac caused a specific individual’s cancer.

And my second question is -- could you provide some more clarity on the yet to be realized cost efficiencies in coming years that will help offset the U.S. Aubagio patent cliff? Thank you..

Well, David, thank you for the congratulations. By way of starting off, I appreciate it. J-B, maybe I could just throw you -- because we’ve shared quite a bit that the LOE -- last major LoE is Aubagio in ‘23. We have perhaps the least exposure versus the other big pharma companies through the rest of the decade, great.

But, we still have to work hard to improve our operational efficiencies to make sure we can cover that as much of that as possible.

Any comments on productivity gains?.

Yes. First -- well, my first look is always at a top line, can we get it -- some more from it? And so that’s the first aspect. And you see that the commercial dynamic we are in for the last 8, 9 quarters now is quite demonstrative of the know-how and the skill within the teams. So, that’s the first bit. Then everybody knows about Aubagio.

You have to add up some headwinds from the context, of course, that will impact us. So, we have not declared anything specific around the cost, but it’s really about being selective on the priorities. Yes, we will push on it. You know that we will -- before year-end, we will be certainly slightly ahead of our €2.5 billion plan.

But it’s a relentless job. So we will go on fighting against those headwinds, so -- with always one focus, top line to help because that’s a big driver. But we will not destroy future value for short term. So, our R&D spend will be steady..

David, as to your other question, I mean, I’ll throw it to GC in a moment. We -- I think I understood it. It was quite a sort of interwoven question. Just as the first response, I will tell you that we’ll take a deeper look at it and get back to. Secondly, we don’t really get drawn into debates about legal strategies and different things.

There’s plenty of things that can happen. But I don’t know whether, Roy, you’d like to add something..

I think we believe in the strength of our case. If you talk about general policies on how we deal with these cases, I will remind people that we’ve said that now settlement payments have been made, and we feel very strongly about the case. I think that’s all you really need to know at this stage..

The next question will be from Jo Walton from Credit Suisse..

Can you hear me? Can you hear me now?.

We got you, Jo. We got you..

Thank you. [Technical Difficulty] going forward. You’ve done very well in 2022, but you’ve told us that you’re only going to go to a 32% margin by 2025.

Can I just confirm that all of the extra sales above whatever it is that you’re expecting, you’re going to reinvest to really keep that margin only at about 32% so that we are likely to see most of the growth that we are going to see over the next few years really driven by the top line? And within the margin, can you confirm -- I would assume that you’re going to have quite high marketing costs to ensure that your two new products for next year get a really good send-off.

You’re spending at a high rate on R&D.

So, are we expecting to see a gross margin uplift and maybe some higher sales as we stay at that 32% margin for ‘22? And could I just also ask for an update on your consumer business and the Rx-to-OTC switches? Are those studies still on track so that you could consider a next step in the ‘24-’25 time frame for consumer? Thank you..

Okay. Jo, thank you so much.

J-B, I mean, do you want to start us off on the margin question?.

Well, I feel a bit impressed by the solemn ask, Jo. So, I’m a bit frozen. Well, I think you capture certainly the spirit. We are effectively one of the few companies with a very secured and derisked top line growth for the next years. And that’s a fundamental piece of our story. I mean, we certainly have that well in mind.

And from this growth of the top line, we are aiming to really fuel the post ‘28 growth story of Sanofi by investing in R&D. So, this is a very simple and short story. So, it’s not about being solemn saying that we will not do better than ‘22. It’s not about this, but it’s about being true to our commitment to innovative medicine..

Yes. I think -- thanks. Look, we know the commitments we put out there. We think we can create more value, but we reserve the right to toggle between how we deploy that. I think that’s very fair. And I’m glad you’re looking at it that way, frankly, because that’s why we chose BOI in the first place.

We want the opportunity, if we think we can create more value, you can say definitely.

So Julie, how the switch is progressing?.

So, as I shared the last quarter, on both switches, actually, we’re continuously working with the FDA and have submitted for Cialis a proposed plan in order to proceed towards our AUC. [Ph] We are currently actually waiting for the FDA’s feedback on all the components of our proposal, so to be continued as soon as they come back to us.

And for Tamiflu, we have no update on timing right now. Again, here again, we’re working with the FDA to gain alignment on key studies that the FDA is requiring. And of course, also -- I mean, there’s many factors that are impacting because it may -- that may influence because of the flu season is number one.

And of course, we continue to watch the flu season as it develops. But we’re also following the evolving at-home diagnostic space and the emergence of the test-and-treat consumer behavior of any implications for influenza and our switch. So we’re still on it..

Thanks, Julie. Thank you. Actually, I should have made a point, just before we get to the next question that because Jo asked about execution of the launches, you mentioned them.

And Jo, I just want to add that whilst we’ve been building out the pipeline, I think we are building credibility on how we execute and certainly commercially as a company, whether it’s Rezurock, whether it’s Dupixent, whether it’s our vaccine performance. We’re really, I think, really very good at executing.

And I think -- I would hope that all of you that watch us so closely, understand how that will carry over into these launches. We have -- we know how to do this. And you know with our track record, we will know how to get this done. So, I don’t want to leave any uncertainty around it. And that’s why it’s exciting.

That’s why for us to be able to talk about two launches next year is big because no stone is left unturned, I can assure you..

Okay. Next question is from Tim Anderson from Wolfe.

Tim?.

This is Brian on for Tim. Just two quick questions from us. First one on Dupi. Currently, 75% of sales are coming from U.S. It’s holding steady for the last couple of quarters. As you think about the long-term guidance of at least €13 billion. As other indications mature and expand, what percent of mix does that look like? And then, one on CHC.

We have been assuming at some point, possibly soon, you turn over the CHC spin card, meaning you do what GSK did recently and spin that out or otherwise divest it.

But if there are plans to do anything near term, I have to imagine those get put on ice because of the Zantac litigation?.

Okay. Sorry. The -- so a couple of things. So, to you in a moment, Julie, maybe I’ll make a comment. But first, Bill, Dupi. I don’t think we share the split, to be honest.

But do you want to -- do you have any comments on that?.

So, I mean -- thanks for the question, first of all, Brian. The thing to keep in mind with Dupixent is this pace, I think, gets lost. I think Paul talked about the execution a few minutes ago. We have 5 indications, 4 age expansions, and we’re now in three therapeutic areas in five years. It’s actually -- it’s pretty remarkable.

And the reason why I set it up with that, Brian, is because the U.S. is usually the first to get those approvals and enjoy that expansion of the market. As we’ve seen with all the other indications, globally, they will roll out in time as well. So that’s why you’re having a little bit of a weighting towards the U.S.

Over time, we expect it to fall more in the balance of typical biologics in the immunology space..

Yes. It’s -- I think that’s spot on rolling reimbursement ex U.S. just takes longer, but it comes strongly and it always comes with good timing, to be honest. And then -- and of course, we’ve been on lockdown in China.

And I don’t think we shared the China-specific performance, but it’s -- given the pressure that’s been on just society, how fast patients are returning to see derms is pretty phenomenal. So, there’s a lot to come I think. For CHC, just to maybe just take it in two parts, just quickly and then feel free, J-B, to add if you want to, Julie.

The -- we said in ‘19, and I think we were right, which is this business was struggling, wrapped up in a pharma governance and time line. And I think Julie has demonstrated her leadership of her team have demonstrated that by simplifying and by standing it up on its own, we have -- it has been completely turned around. There’s work to do.

There’s other things to look at, but a really phenomenal performance. And that was our goal. That was our goal. And that’s pretty much the -- how we felt at the time and how we feel today. At the Zantac piece, I’m not going to try and cover those things, but you’ve heard already from our GC, you’ve heard from him.

Zantac does not influence decision-making across anywhere across our business. We believe in where we’re at. So, anything to add now? Okay.

Next question?.

The next question will be from Luisa Hector from Berenberg..

I wanted to get into some of the immunology pipeline. I see a little bit of progress there, but maybe to start with the OX40. So, you’ve now got the 2 Phase 2bs running in AD and asthma. Do you maybe just discuss the potential target profile in each setting? And update us on your filing time line here.

I seem to recall an intention to run a Phase 3 concurrently, so then you would potentially be filing on a Phase 2b and a Phase 3. Is that still the plan, or would this happen at the end of Phase 2b, you make the decision on the Phase 3 entries? Thank you..

Maybe, John, do you want to do time lines and AD announcement? I don’t know if, Bill, you want to talk about TPP. But John, you first..

Yes. So, amlitelimab, as you mentioned, we’re pursuing it very aggressively in AD. The Phase 2b study is fully enrolled now. We’ll have the data next year. And we are exploring a number of schedules, and we’ll learn a lot from that Phase 2b.

There was a hint of disease-modifying activity in the early data that Kymab generated where even after ceasing the drug, the patient’s skin remained clear for several months. So, we’re looking at various durations of dosing and various ways that we can really flesh out that TPP for the future.

The asthma study is just underway, and so it’s difficult to make a lot of prognostications about that yet.

With respect to the Phase 3 indeed, we had hoped to go in an accelerated way from a seamless Phase 2/Phase 3, but every health authority that we spoke with really recommended or even mandated that we deliver the Phase 2 package first and then launch into Phase 3. So, that’s where we sit right now.

And really looking forward to those Phase 2b, really a nice robust study there in AD to help inform the best design on that Phase 3 program..

Yes. I mean it would have added deals for the ligand, but I think it was referencing the question when I was asked what I was excited about. It could be an absolutely fabulous molecule. I think we’ve hinted that we might try and go for an earlier strategy and partly because we thought we had a way to 2-, 3-plus looking where the competition is.

But I think we must also remember that we had a full look at the entire landscape before we acquired this. And the ligand was considered to be the best approach, OX40-ligand rather than OX40. And so we feel, I think that getting it right is the priority. And so, we won’t lose any time in the competitive set. And I think that’s good for us.

Bill, TPP itself, I mean, would you like to add something?.

Yes. Look, I think because of its targeting higher up in the immune cascade, we’re hoping for a long and durable efficacy with the potential of extended dosing.

So that’s something which we think is kind of a next level of target product profile for the community where they can have the high levels of efficacy, some of -- mostly, which is established at this point but to have that longer term durability. And who knows, we can even look to see if there’s any kind of disease modification for the future..

Yes. Well, I mean, maybe -- it’s interesting, right? It’s been a holy grail for a long time in drug-free remission, disease-free remission, maybe longer and longer, longer intervals.

So, this ambition to be the world’s leading immunology company, we have Dupixent, which is simply incredible, but making sure that we have all of the other important tools for physicians and patients, it’s starting to mature a little bit. We wait with every data set. I’m again, always learning myself about the -- you can be proven wrong.

But at the same time, if you’re really on the right track, the bar we’re setting for ourselves on really having winning assets is much higher than it’s ever been before. And that becomes much more relevant the further we go..

Next question is from Richard Vosser from JP Morgan..

Hi. Thanks for taking my questions. Two vaccine ones, please. Firstly, just going on to the flu vaccine, how are you seeing the uptake of the vaccine? Obviously, clearly excellent deliveries. But we’re seeing the uptake of COVID vaccines through the floor this year in terms of penetration in the above 65.

So are you seeing any reticence around flu vaccine? And therefore, what’s the risk of high returns hitting your sales this year in Q4? And then, the second question, and I’m going to duck pronouncing the new name for nirsevimab as well. Nirsevimab, how’s supply on the antibody? Can you supply the entire U.S.

birth cohort in ‘23? Do you have enough supply for that? And maybe just thinking about the positive ACIP, why wouldn’t everyone for that RSV season, given there’s a value this year, take advantage next year? Thank you..

Okay. So some great questions. I had my own Sanofi flu shot, so I’m contributing.

So, let’s go -- so where do you think about the flu season? And what do you think about Beyfortus, so will we be ready for the entire birth cohort in ‘23?.

Great questions, Richard, and I’ll start with the second one, and I love the way you phrased the question. Why not every single U.S. parent will make sure that their newborns protected with nirsevimab. I agree with you, why not. And definitely, with our partner, we are making sure to be ready for that. So, our goal is to get a strong U.S.

ACIP recommendation because simply, we believe that’s the best way to prevent every single, as much as possible, hospitalization from newborn. It’s number one cause of hospitalization. 80% of those can be avoided year one, which means it’s cost-saving year one. So definitely, we’re preparing for a strong U.S. ACIP recommendation with our partner.

On the -- your first question, which is about flu, it’s always a little bit of a crystal ball thinking on where we’re going on the flu take. We’re only, as you know, were in October. But maybe a couple of points. There’s always a different dynamic and a different timing in terms of -- between Europe and North America.

It’s early, but the early indication is that I would say in Europe, we are seeing the flu vaccination ramp up similar this year versus last year. In North America, I think that you’re kind of indicating something that seems to be right. There’s a bit of a soft demand for the moment.

And you’ve noticed some vaccination fatting [ph] in with COVID-19 boosters. But again, it’s a bit too early because at this stage today, we are in a situation where the flu disease has not struck in most of these areas.

And I remind you that overall, our returns are always taken into account and the provision for when we’re giving you the 70-30 indication for Q3-Q4. So that’s already included in our assumptions..

Last question from Keyur Parekh from Goldman..

Two questions, please, if I may. The first one, kind of strategically for you, Paul. You had a couple of disappointments on the oncology pipeline recently.

How important is oncology as a therapeutic area of focus for you guys going forward, or is it a scenario where given all the optionalities you have on the immunology side, that kind of takes a lot more importance and your return profile on those assets is meaningfully higher on a risk-adjusted basis compared to oncology? That’s question number one.

And then, separately, on the flu vaccine side, as we look at 2023, how should we think about increased capacity on one hand versus your ability to further push kind of the high-dose flu vaccine in the ex U.S. markets? Thank you..

Thank you, Keyur. And maybe we’ll start with Vaccines..

When it comes to -- Keyur, thanks for the question. If I understood correctly, 2023 northern hemisphere potential demand from Fluzone high-dose and what did we mean on our supply.

What I was trying to allude to during the slide presentation, we’ve been doing significant investment over the past two years to ensure that both the overall supply was there by investing into Swiftwater plant. So we’re looking forward, very strong with that.

In parallel to that, we’re going to be also in a position from next year onwards to do fill and pack of Fluzone high-dose for Europe in Europe. So, we’re really expanding our ability of flu protection with Fluzone high-dose. So, we’re really looking forward there, and supply will not be an issue..

Thank you, Thomas. So, Keyur, to your oncology questions, a couple of parts of it. We’ve talked about Sarclisa a little bit. We think that can play a part. You know that, but we’re fully deployed around it. So it’s really waiting for data. We have the IL-2, which we’re going for an intensified dosing interval, and let’s see if we can get there.

We lost a competitor, of course. And so, it gets a bit more interesting for us, but we still have to show efficacy. And so, while the pathway has proven, we’ve got to thread that needle. And I think it’s the right thing for us to do to step back and change the dosing schedule. We pretty much followed the competition, by the way, for speed.

But at this point, it’s about where we think we’d get the best result. And that will be unique. And that’s an important thing for me to say, same with tusamitamab because that also will be unique, and we don’t know until we turn the cards over.

So why do I tee it up that way? Probably because we have some really interesting cars to turn over on an IL-2 and on CEACAM5. If they turn over well, that will be great, and we’ll double down on what we need to do. But if they don’t, then of course, we’ll just take a pause.

We’ve spent a lot of time with the leadership team and in R&D, looking at our early onco pipeline, really focusing around NK and other approaches. We think we can be much more efficient with our investments to not try and fast follow in late drugs coming much -- sorry, almost ready for launch or paying large premiums to participate.

I think we like the idea of going earlier and highly differentiated. So, we’ll turn the cards over on these things. Why would we make that choice? Well, of course, because there’s always an opportunity cost. And for us, in immunology, we have to be resourced to win, hands down.

So we’ll take the opportunity to be thoughtful in late oncology, be demanding and ambitious in early oncology and take every shot in immunology. And I think that’s how we feel about it. And we’ve -- we’re aligned as a team on that..

I think that’s going to bring us to a close. I just want to say, I’m very proud of the performance in Q3. I think we did an excellent job. I think the strategy is coming together. The science is maturing. I hate losing and I hate failing, and it’s just how I’m wired. But the most important thing is that we’re taking really important shots scientifically.

So, while it takes a little while, I think we’re bringing two of those medicines in ‘23 forward. That’s very important for us because we know how to execute the hell out of things. So, I’m really pleased with where we sit as an organization and we’re in good shape, and we look forward to closing out the year strongly.

So, thank you to everybody for your time today..

Thank you very much. And with this, we end the call for today..