Good morning, and welcome to the IDEXX Laboratories' Fourth Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. As a reminder, today's conference is being recorded.

Participating in the call this morning are Jay Mazelsky, President and Chief Executive Officer; Brian McKeon, Chief Financial Officer; Andrew Emerson, Senior Vice President, Corporate and Companion Animal Group Finance; and John Ravis, Vice President, Investor Relations.

IDEXX would like to preface the discussion today with a caution regarding forward-looking statements. Listeners are reminded that our discussion during the call will include forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed today.

Additional information regarding these risks and uncertainties is available under the forward-looking statements notice in our press release issued this morning, as well as in our periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which can be obtained from the SEC or by visiting the Investor Relations section of our website, idexx.com.

During this call, we will be discussing certain financial measures not prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP.

A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is provided in our earnings release, which may also be found by visiting the Investor Relations section of our website.

In reviewing our fourth quarter 2024 results and initial 2025 guidance, please note all references to growth, organic growth and comparable growth refer to growth compared to the equivalent prior-year period, unless otherwise noted.

To allow broad participation in the Q&A, we ask that each participant limit their questions to one with one follow-up as necessary. We appreciate you may have additional questions, so please feel free to get back into the queue, and if time permits, we'll take your additional questions.

Today's prepared remarks will be posted to the Investor Relations section of our website after the earnings conference call concludes. I would now like to turn the call over to Brian McKeon..

6% organic growth in CAG; 7% organic gains in LPD; and 9% organic growth in Water. Worldwide CAG Diagnostic recurring revenue increased 7% organically in Q4, including benefits from improved volume growth trends. Results were supported by average global net price improvement of 4 % to 4.5%, with US net price realization of approximately 3.5%.

As noted in our last earnings call, US net price realization includes impacts from the successful extension and expansion of three major customer agreements in 2024, which will provide long-term incremental volume growth benefits for IDEXX.

US CAG Diagnostics recurring revenue increased 4% organically in Q4, net of a 1% negative growth impact from fewer equivalent selling days. IDEXX execution drove approximately 2% US volume growth in the quarter, normalized for equivalent days.

These results were supported by sustained solid new business gains, high customer retention levels, and relatively higher gains in diagnostic frequency and volume utilization per clinical visit. IDEXX achieved a solid 800 basis point normalized growth premium compared to US clinical visit growth levels in the fourth quarter.

We continue to work through pressure on US same-store clinical visit levels, which declined nearly 3% in Q4 and 2% for the full year in 2024. This has been the primary constraint on IDEXX's recent growth, reflecting transitional sector macro impacts following the accelerated expansion of pet healthcare during the pandemic.

International CAG Diagnostic recurring revenue growth was 12% in Q4, including a 1% benefit from equivalent days effects. Strong Q4 international results benefited from net price gains and improved volume growth, supported by new business expansion, reflected in double-digit year-on-year growth in our international premium instrument installed base.

IDEXX fourth quarter performance was supported by strong global growth in consumable revenues. IDEXX VetLab consumable revenues increased 12% organically, reflecting double-digit gains in US and international regions, normalized for equivalent days effects.

Consumable gains were supported by a 9% increase in our global premium instrument installed base in 2024, reflecting solid gains across our Catalyst, Premium Hematology and SediVue platforms.

For the full year 2024, we achieved approximately 18,500 premium instrument placements with excellent quality, reflected in sustained, high, new and competitive Catalyst placements. In the fourth quarter, we placed 4,625 premium instruments, down 12% from high prior-year levels. Overall CAG instrument revenues also declined 12% organically in Q4.

Quarterly placement results were supported by strong gains in SediVue and continued expansion of ProCyte One. We also initiated shipments of IDEXX inVue Dx in the quarter, supporting strong comparable EVI gains, including the projected value of inVue preorders. Rapid assay revenue was flat on an organic basis in Q4.

Rapid assay results were constrained by pressure on US wellness visits as well as by the addition of the pancreatic lipase slide to our Catalyst menu, which we estimated to be a 4% headwind to Q4 revenue growth. Global lab revenues expanded 4% organically in Q4.

Reference lab results in the quarter were supported by solid normalized volume growth in US and international regions, and net price gains. Reference lab net price gains were moderated in Q4 by near-term impacts from major new customer agreements, which will benefit long-term reference lab growth.

CAG veterinary software services and diagnostic imaging revenues increased 7% organically in Q4 compared to strong prior-year levels. Results continue to be supported by solid growth in recurring revenues and ongoing momentum in cloud-based software placements.

In other business segments, Water revenues increased 9% organically in Q4 compared to strong prior year levels, driven by continued solid gains in the US and Europe. Livestock, Poultry and Dairy revenues increased 7% organically in Q4, supported by solid gains in our US, Europe and Latin American regions.

Turning to the P&L, Q4 operating profits increased 7% as reported and 8% on a comparable basis, supported by gross margin gains. Gross profit increased 8% as reported and 9% on a comparable basis. Gross margins were 59.8%, up 130 basis points on a comparable basis, adjusting for approximately 10 basis points of positive FX impact.

Gross margin gains reflected favorable business mix supported by strong consumable growth, benefits from net price improvement, and higher Water gross margins.

Operating expenses were up 10% as reported, and 9% on a comparable basis in the quarter, reflecting increases in R&D spending, aligned with advancing our innovation initiatives, including our new instrument platforms.

For the full year 2024, operating margins were 29%, an increase of 60 basis points on a comparable basis, including an approximately 40 basis point negative impact from lapping a customer contract resolution payment in 2023.

Full year operating margins included 160 basis points of negative impact related to a discrete litigation expense accrual recorded in the second quarter. Q4 EPS was $2.62 per share, up 10% on a comparable basis.

In Q4, EPS benefited from a lower effective tax rate, including $0.13 per share in tax benefits from share-based compensation activity and $0.06 per share benefit from a non-recurring tax reserve release related to the lapping of an applicable statute of limitations.

Foreign exchange drove a $0.03 per share EPS headwind in the quarter, net of approximately $3 million in hedge gains. Full year EPS was $10.67 per share, an increase of 6% on a reported basis and 12% on a comparable basis, including a 2% negative EPS growth impact related to lapping a customer contract resolution payment.

2024 full year EPS results include $0.56 of negative impact from a discrete expense accrual related to an ongoing litigation matter, $0.05 of negative impact from currency changes, and $0.24 in tax benefits from share-based compensation activity. Foreign exchange had limited impact on Q4 and full year revenue growth.

For the full year, foreign exchange reduced operating profits by $5 million and EPS by $0.05 per share, net of $6 million in hedge gains. Free cash flow was $808 million for 2024 or 91% of net income, aligned with our guidance and long-term goals. Capital spending was $121 million for the full year or approximately 3% of revenue.

We allocated $249 million to repurchase 564,000 shares in the fourth quarter. For the full year, we allocated $859 million to repurchase 1,760,000 shares. Our balance sheet is in a strong position. We ended 2024 with leverage ratios of 0.7 times gross and 0.4 times net of cash. That concludes our financial review.

Andrew will now walk you through our initial 2025 financial outlook..

Thank you, Brian. Turning to our 2025 full year outlook, IDEXX is planning to deliver solid organic revenue growth and profit gains, led by strong execution and benefits from new innovation. We're providing initial guidance for revenue of $4.055 billion to $4.170 billion, an increase of 4% to 7% on a reported basis.

On an organic basis, this reflects a growth range of 6% to 9% overall, supported by 5% to 8% organic growth in CAG Diagnostic recurring revenues. At current exchange rates, we expect foreign exchange to have a 2% negative impact on full year revenue growth.

In terms of key drivers for our 2025 organic growth outlook, the midpoint of our CAG Diagnostic recurring revenue growth range incorporates expectations for global net price realization of 4% to 4.5% and volume gains of approximately 2%.

The outlook includes assumptions for declines in US same-store clinical visit growth levels with the midpoint reflecting a similar rate of a decline seen in 2024.

These targets incorporate continued, solid global growth benefits from IDEXX execution drivers, including new customer gains and increases in testing utilization, supported by IDEXX innovations.

The higher end of our CAG Diagnostic recurring revenue growth outlook captures the potential for improved sector visit and same-store growth trends, while the lower end of the range calibrates for further potential effects of macroeconomic conditions.

Our revenue growth outlook includes approximately $50 million of projected IDEXX inVue Dx instrument revenue aligned with 4,500 placements. Jay will discuss progress against our inVue Dx launch in his comments. Our reported operating margin outlook for the full year 2025 is 31% to 31.5%.

On a comparable basis, this reflects an outlook of 30 basis points to 80 basis points of improvement year-over-year, net of a 160 basis point operating margin benefit related to the lapping of the discrete litigation expense recorded in the second quarter of 2024.

We're planning for solid gross margin gains on a comparable basis in 2025, supported by growth in CAG Diagnostics recurring revenues, benefits from lab productivity initiatives, and expansion of our high-margin cloud-based software business.

This is partially offset by unfavorable business mix planned from higher levels of CAG Diagnostics instrument revenue gains and preliminary estimates for tariff risk on internationally-sourced materials. Our 2025 EPS outlook is $11.74 per share to $12.24 per share.

This reflects an increase of 8% to 12% on a comparable basis, net of a 6% EPS growth benefit from the lapping of the Q2 2024 discrete litigation expense, and includes a $0.06 per share headwind from higher taxes related to a non-recurring tax reserve release during the fourth quarter of 2024.

Our EPS outlook also includes $42 million of net interest expense at prevailing rates. Foreign exchange is expected to have a negative impact of $0.21 year-over-year at the rates disclosed in our press release, net of established hedge positions.

In terms of sensitivities to changes in foreign exchange rates, we project a 1% change in the value of the US dollar would impact the full year reported revenue by $15 million and operating income by $5 million, net of hedge positions.

Our 2025 free cash flow outlook is for net income to free cash flow conversion ratio of 85% to 90%, aligned with our long-term goals. This reflects estimated capital spending of approximately $160 million or about 4% of revenues.

The outlook incorporates increased capital deployment, aligned with $1.5 billion towards share repurchases or approximately 4% of our current equity market capitalization. This reflects our high confidence in IDEXX growth potential, including continued strong execution and advancement of our innovation agenda.

Regarding our Q1 outlook, we're planning for overall organic revenue growth of 4% to 6%, with similar gains in CAG Diagnostics recurring revenue net of a 1% to 1.5% days headwind.

This factors in US clinic visit trends more aligned with Q4 2024 and pricing benefits at the low-end of our full year price realization range as we work through the major customer agreements noted by Brian. Reported revenue growth of 2% to 4% includes approximately 2% negative impact from foreign exchange at current rates.

Our Q1 reported operating margins are planned for 30.2% to 30.6%. This reflects moderate compression in comparable margins in the quarter compared to high prior-year levels and reflects investments to support recent and upcoming product launches.

Overall, we're well-positioned to build on our solid 2024 financial performance with continued strong execution and robust set of new product launches during 2025. This concludes our guidance update, and I will now turn the call over to Jay for his comments..

to create exceptional long-term value for our customers, employees and shareholders by enhancing the health and well-being of pets, people and livestock. I extend my deepest gratitude to our nearly 11,000 employees whose dedication and hard work have made these accomplishments possible.

Together, we have delivered robust financial results while setting the stage for a promising 2025 and beyond, supported by a new wave of IDEXX innovations. I'd like to thank Brian McKeon for the exceptional contributions he has made over a 20-year IDEXX career, spanning both as a member of our Board, and over the last 11 years, as IDEXX's CFO.

As previously announced, Brian will be stepping down from the role as CFO as of March 1st. One of Brian's many contributions has been to build a world-class finance team and develop future leadership talent. It's my great pleasure to welcome Andrew Emerson, who will become our new CFO as of March 1st.

Andrew brings more than 20 years of finance experience in the healthcare industry in roles of increasing responsibility, including over nine years at IDEXX working side-by-side with Brian throughout this time. He is well versed in our business, our sector and our strategy, and he is set to contribute on day one.

Brian will remain with IDEXX in a senior advisory capacity until his retirement date of June 1st in order to help ensure a smooth and seamless transition for Andrew. With that, I will turn it back over for Q&A. Thank you..

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] The first question is from Erin Wright with Morgan Stanley..

Great, thanks. And Brian, it's been great working with you over the years, and congrats on your retirement. And looking forward to working with you, too, Andrew, as we, kind of, move forward. But, in terms of my questions, I'll start with innovation.

So, I guess, can you speak to what guidance assumes now in terms of the innovation contribution in 2025? Is that adding about 1 point to CAG recurring growth assumptions for you? And I just wanted to get an update on inVue on that front.

I guess, why are you limiting preorders in the US and the replacements, I guess, of 10, but preorders of 1,600, so I guess why is there such a backlog there? Is there more AI training needed? Is there necessary adjustments to the offering or timing of the rollout or anything like that, or practitioners just waiting for FNA? I guess, when do you expect FNA to launch as well, and what is guidance assumed on that front? Thanks..

Good morning, Erin. This is Andrew. Happy to kick us off with what's included in the guidance and then I'll hand it over to Jay to talk a bit about inVue. Just in terms of what we've provided, we initially get the benefits from the instrument revenues as we launch a platform like inVue.

What we noted in the prepared remarks is approximately $50 million and 4,500 placements on the innovation launch of the inVue Dx platform. So, we feel good about that. That's captured in our overall guidance. We haven't necessarily broken out the other innovation areas, but we do expect benefits from PL and Cancer, as Jay highlighted in his remarks.

They're going to allow us to continue to build momentum, both domestically and internationally, but we haven't broken those out. We just have included that, and we feel good about the guidance that we've provided at this point..

Yeah. So, I'll take it from there. Good morning, Erin. So, as disclosed, we began shipping in Q4. I'd say that customer interest has been very high, and that's reflected in close to the 1,600 preorders that I indicated.

From a customer lens, what customers are responding to is -- are some of the things that we've been talking about, the key attributes of the system, starting with the menu, ear cytology and blood morphology and then FNA later in 2025.

The way customers see these clinical use cases, very high volume, well understood, and well-integrated into the workflow of how they practice. They also like the slide-free operation. They see preparing slides as really an intensive bottleneck, sometimes 15 minutes, 20 minutes.

And of course, at the end of the day, what they want is consistent, highly accurate results, and they see inVue as being able to deliver that. In terms of the actual launch and approach, we follow a very tried and true controlled launch process for all our analyzers.

In fact, this is my fourth premium instrument launch since being at IDEXX, and it starts with the aim of delivering an exceptional customer experience. It's what they expect of us. They know we have a world-class product development organization. There's always tweaks that come up as part of any launch.

What I would say is, we're making excellent progress. We plan to deliver the 4,500-plus in 2025, as I indicated, and that will ramp over the year.

Manufacturing and installation capacity are ahead of plan, and that puts us in a strong position to achieve the plan and customers aren't waiting -- to answer to your specific question around, are they waiting for FNA to pick delivery, they're not..

Okay, great. That's helpful. And then, does your guidance assume any sort of notable changes from a customer account standpoint at Point-of-Care or ref lab? I just -- presumably you're still lapping through some of that repricing action taken, I guess, in 2024.

I guess, can you remind us, when you fully lap that? And can you help us quantify how that headwind lingers into 2025? Is it an incremental headwind net-net or less of a headwind in 2025? Thanks..

Thanks, Erin. So, just on pricing, what we noted was 4% to 4.5% for the full year. In Q1 specifically, we did a remark that we would expect to be on the lower end of that range, just given the three large customer lapping that Brian had captured in his commentary on our Q4 results.

So, we will continue to lap that throughout the year, but I think we've captured that in our guidance.

And again, we feel good that we have strong momentum in terms of our ability to continue to work with our customers and expand our installed base, both internationally where we saw double-digit growth as well as globally where we had a 9% installed base expansion for 2024..

Okay, great. Thank you..

The next question is from Chris Schott with JPMorgan..

Great. Thanks so much for the questions. Just two on the 2025 guidance.

First, can you just elaborate on the vet visit trajectory you expect from here? It sounds like, I think from the prepared remarks, down 3% or so in 1Q, but can you just talk about the recovery and confidence in recovery from there? And the second question was just on US versus ex-US growth this year.

Any notable kind of differences or trends that you're expecting as we think about the regions? Thank you..

Good morning, Chris. So, just to talk about the vet visits, in terms of what we've included in the guide for the US, we signaled it was similar to the decline that we intended for 2024. So that would represent approximately 2%, as Brian highlighted. When we think about Q1, we are anticipating that we saw similar trends as we exited the year.

Q4 was about a 3% decline on clinical visits overall. And just as we saw in Q4, we saw some modest differences by quarter, but ultimately, again, we're anticipating about a 2% decline in clinical visits for 2025.

So, not really an improvement as we head into the year and that could bounce around a little bit by quarter and we'll provide more information as the year goes on..

Good morning, Chris. Maybe just to spotlight our international performance. We've, as you know, invested fairly heavily in expanding our international commercial footprint over the last three-plus years. And we've seen really nice growth in terms of overall installed base of our premium instruments and associated consumable stream.

In Europe, in fact, we've seen last seven quarters of double-digit growth, and from a consumable standpoint, in the high-teens. And I think that's just a reflection of really strong execution, longer tenure in [seat] (ph) and customer response to innovations like ProCyte One and other solutions that help them practice good medicine..

Great. Thanks so much..

The next question is from Michael Ryskin with Bank of America..

Great. Thanks for taking the question. I have a couple of quick ones, hopefully, guys. The first on the -- just going back to the visit dynamics, you talked through your assumptions for 2025. I just want to dig into 4Q a little bit. I know we probably shouldn't look into quarter-to-quarter trends and these things are volatile. I understand all that.

But just the dispersion here between wellness and non-wellness, is what really struck me. It seems like it sort of accelerated through the course of '24 and sort of reached its broadest dispersion in the fourth quarter. You really saw wellness drop off pretty sharply relative to total clinical visits or non-wellness visits.

Just wondering what you're seeing on the ground, what the feedback is you're getting at? Obviously, there's a lot of concern that that's driven by demand, elasticity, price, weak consumer environment, people just sort of backing away from some of those more discretionary visits.

I know you've talked in prior quarters about potentially the impact on visit trends from some therapeutic options and turning -- including injectable drugs.

Just any color you can provide on wellness specifically and why you've seen that deteriorate over the course of 2024?.

Sure. Let me provide some insight on that, Mike. We do think at the margin, there was probably the impacts from the consumer and the overall macro environment, but the interesting thing about wellness is the inclusion of diagnostics actually went up. So, we saw a really nice premium growth. Our belief is that the quality of these visits went up.

The pet owner in veterinarian really used that higher intensity of diagnostics.

So, though there's probably some marginal pet owners dropping off potentially deferring or delaying some of those visits, the ones that came in, very high quality, and we benefited from that, and we think with our IDEXX Cancer Diagnostics panel included in wellness visits, we'll continue to inspire potentially pull-through on that end, too..

Okay. All right. And then, for my follow-up question, I don't think you really called this out in the prepared remarks, but I noticed that for the guide for 2025, Brian or Andrew, you guys are assuming a little bit more share buyback. I think you said 2% to 3% reduction in shares. I think you've -- most years, you've sort of been in that 1% reduction.

Just any additional color there in terms of the rationale for that? Thanks..

Yeah, Mike. So, just in terms of kind of a rationale, we have high confidence in the company's potential growth model here. We've executed exceptionally well, and I think we're really on the cusp of that new wave of innovation, which Jay has highlighted several times. This really reflects strong free cash flow generation.

We have a really healthy balance sheet with high liquidity. Brian mentioned on the call in terms of Q4, our gross leverage was about 0.7 times, and this largely sustains those levels at a higher deployment rate. So, it does achieve that 2% to 3% reduction in average shares. And again, we look at this as a positive momentum for the long-term..

All right. Thanks..

[Operator Instructions] The next question is from Jon Block with Stifel..

Thanks, guys. Good morning. It looks like the IDEXX premium for the quarter, so in other words, 4Q '24 was the strongest of the year and that was before the rollout of Cancer Dx, I mean, essentially before inVue for the most part.

So, can you just talk about what led to the uptick for the premium in the quarter, allowed you to arguably offset the down whatever was 2.9% in clinical and still put up some pretty good CAG Dx recurring? That's specific to the fourth quarter '24 question. Then, I'll ask a follow-up..

Hey, Jon, it's Brian. As you pointed out, it was a very good quarter, our best volume growth quarter of the year when you normalize for days. We saw very strong consumable growth. I think that that's reflective of the progress that we've made on instrument placements, growing the installed base during the year.

Some benefit from innovation, the pancreatic lipase slide is helpful on that front, and globally, just really good international momentum. So, I think, it's reflective of the strong execution that we've seen throughout the year that's enabled us to grow at a faster rate than the sector.

And as the team has pointed out, I think the company is really well positioned to build on that heading into 2025 with the new innovations that will be coming..

Got it. Helpful. And then maybe second question on price. So, I think it's -- I think you called it 3.5% in the US. It sort of implies, I don't know, 5%-and-change in the international markets.

Jay, can you just talk about your comfort in these pricing levels that the consumer can absorb the likely increases? I think you're going to say we don't dictate price to the consumer, but you sort of do because the vet's not going to take it all on the margin -- on their margin.

And to Mike's previous question, do you think this higher pricing environment while providing a temporary fix is acting as a headwind as we continue to see this wellness slide and hence the pet owner avoid wanting to come in for that wellness sticker shock? And then, part B of a very disparate question is, the $42 million in interest expense, can you just reconcile that? It just looks pretty high considering where we were in '24.

Thanks, guys..

Yeah, let me talk about pricing and I'll turn it to Andrew to talk about the interest expense. Of course, I'm going to caveat it and say our customers determine in sector pricing. Keep in mind, wellness versus non-wellness pricing are different things.

Typically for a wellness visit, the veterinarian doesn't spend more than five, seven, 10 minutes with the pet owner. So, they price it differently, and we offer a number of programs like compliance-based pricing, which I think is positions it positions those panels very advantageously.

I would say that we are very mindful of the need to be in front of the differentiation that we offer through innovations. A lot of what we offer, for example, is complementary to the customer, whether it's VetConnect PLUS, whether we add in tapes and Cystoisospora for fecal antigen.

I think Cancer Dx is a great example of really keeping that price very moderate at $15-plus per select panels. So overall, we're comfortable in terms of where we've priced. We've seen an increase, as I just indicated, in the inclusion of diagnostics and wellness panels, in fact, very strong increase in Q4.

So, the quality of the visits and the quality of diagnostics inclusion has been growing fairly strongly. Andrew, do you want to address the....

Yeah. Jon, just in terms of the $42 million on interest, that does align with the step up in terms of our planned buybacks of $1.5 billion. So, again, we've calibrated that based off of current rates. As Brian noted, we did just about $850 million in 2024. So, there's an increased level there and we've captured that in our interest expense cost..

The next question is from Daniel Clark with Leerink Partners..

Yes. Thank you. I just had a quick clarification on inVue.

Are you still limiting preorders or are you fully allowing those now?.

Yeah. So, we -- generally, we've opened the funnel in terms of what our field organizations can take in North America. I would say internationally, it's more limited and we'll continue to just offer it in select countries. And throughout the year, we'll revisit that..

Okay, got it. Thank you. And then just a separate question, was there any impact from weather that's worth calling out in terms of visit trends for 4Q or how you're thinking about 1Q? Thanks..

Good morning, Dan. So, just in the fourth quarter, I think we had signaled on the last call that we anticipated about 50 basis points of weather associated with what we saw in early October.

Yes, as we head into Q1, certainly, we've seen some weather types of impacts, but at the end of the day, we've captured those in our outlook and again feel good about the guide that we presented today..

The next question is from Navann Ty with BNP Paribas Exane..

Hi, good morning.

First on the vet visit, if you can discuss further the underlying factors embedded in the 2% decline, expected midpoint in terms of macro impact and time to replenish vet and vet techs graduate? And do you expect potential improvement in 2026? And then, in terms of margin, should we still expect 2025 margin expansion to be still gross margin-led? And can you discuss the SG&A and R&D this year with the inVue and Cancer Diagnostics launches and expansions? Thank you..

Yeah. Just to provide some -- I'll cover the clinical visit trends. Just to provide some additional color on that, we still think capacity constraints are a challenge for practices less around just absolute employment levels and maybe more related to number of hours worked.

In talking to number of the corporate or enterprise accounts, they continue to speak to the desire to hire more veterinarians and staff as they become available. And in that sense, supply can drive demand. Probably the more primary factor is macroeconomic environment, cumulative impacts of inflation and some moderation as a result of that..

Yeah, Navann, just on the gross margin and breakout of OpEx, we didn't provide any explicit detail here. But overall, what we're planning for is an operating margin improvement of 30 basis points to 80 basis points on a comparable basis year-over-year, the midpoint being about 50 basis points.

I think you'll expect most of that to be gross margin-led as we reinvest back into the business. Certainly, again, we feel good about the innovation cycle we have here and the potential for growth over time. We want to make sure we're making investments in the right areas in order to support that ultimately..

Okay. I'd like to thank everybody for their questions this morning. We're now going to conclude our Q&A portion of this morning's call. It's been a pleasure to review another quarter and full year of strong IDEXX results. So, thank you again for your participation this morning and we'll conclude the call..

Thank you. This concludes today's call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect..