ORC - NYSE

Good morning, and welcome to the First Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call for Orchid Island Capital. This call is being recorded today, April 25, 2025. At this time, the Company would like to remind the listeners that statements made during today’s conference call relating to matters that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements subject to the Safe Harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Listeners are cautioned that such forward-looking statements are based on information currently available under management’s good faith, belief with respects to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences are described in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s most recent annual report on Form 10-K. The Company assumes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking statements. Now, I would like to turn the conference over to the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Robert Cauley. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, operator, and good morning. Thank you for joining us today. I’m sitting here with Jerry Sintes, our Controller; and Hunter Haas, our Chief Investment Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Before we start, I hope everybody had a chance to download the deck, which we’ll be following over the course of the call. So, resuming you have that with you, we will be proceeding in chronological order. Just to give you a summary of what we’ll do, we’ll first have Jerry go over our financial results for the quarter. I’ll then discuss the market developments that shaped the decisions we did and the performance of the portfolio. Then Hunter will dive into the portfolio and hedging positions, describe where we stand and what we’ve done. And then finally, I will do a kind of wrap up, and then we’ll open the call up to question-and-answer. So with that, I will turn the call over to Jerry Sintes.

Thank you. If we turn to Page 5, we’ll start with the financial highlights for the quarter. For Q1, we earned $0.18 per share compared to $0.07 in Q4. Book value at 3/31 was $7.94 per share compared to $8.09 at 12/31. Total return for the quarter was 2.6% unannualized compared to 0.6% for Q4. And, we declared and paid dividends of $0.36 per share for each quarter. If we turn to Page 6, we’ll go over some portfolio highlights. For Q1, the average portfolio was just under $6 billion compared to $5.3 billion in Q4. Our leverage ratio of 3/31 was 7.8 compared to 7.3 at 12/31 and prepayment speeds were 7.8% at Q1 compared to 10.5% for Q4. Liquidity at 3/31 was 52.2% compared to 52.9% at 12/31. On Page 7 is our summarized financial statements, which you can read at your convenience. And now, I’ll turn it back over to Bob for market development discussion.

Thanks, Jerry. And, before we move on to the market development, I just want to apologize. In our initial release back in the month, I think it was on the 9th when we released our preliminary earnings per share and book value numbers. We had the breakdown of earnings per share between net interest income and capital gains and loss reversed, and it implied that the capital gain component was the larger of the two win, in fact, it was the much smaller. As we’d show on the press release, it was roughly a little under $0.02 for the capital gains, and the rest of it was from net interest income. So, I do apologize for that. Turning now to Slide 9. It’s been, Q1 was actually very much a continuation of what we saw in Q4, absent what happened very late in the quarter and then, of course, very much changed a lot in early April. So, just with respect to Q1, as you see in the top left, you can see the red line there, that’s just where we were at the end of the year. We had a significant rally in cash treasury curve, the green line. And then since quarter end, we’ve had a significant move with respect to the tariffs and their expected impact on the economy and inflation. The market moved to price and three Fed cuts or three plus Fed cuts by the end of the year. And the long end sold off quite a bit. The initial concern was that this was foreigners dumping treasuries with the safe-haven status of the dollar and U.S. treasury somewhat in doubt. Not so sure now that that’s the case. We did see earlier this week the results of last week’s auctions, last specifically the 10 and 30 year. And there was really nothing that changed with respect to foreign participation in those auctions, but what we have seen in long-end pressure, there’s probably a couple of trading trends that explain that. One is what you’re known as basis trades with respect to the futures market. They’re typically very highly levered trades put on by hedge funds. And when they have to delever, they involve selling the long-end quite a bit. Another is just the fact that with the forced selling that was caused by the disruptions in the market, dealers had to take a lot of bonds onto their balance sheet and that tends to, one, just selling of treasuries or any instrument that was liquid enough to be sold. But also, when dealers take on a lot of positions on balance sheets, you typically see movements in swap spreads downward more negative. And in fact, if you look just to the right, you can see what happened to the swap curve. It’s notable two things. One, if you look at the movements over the course of the quarter from 12/31 to 3/31, similar to what happened in the cash market and of course what happened since quarter-end kind of mirrors that as well. But notably, the absolute numbers are much lower. So, swap spreads moved meaningfully negative late in the quarter and into April. And, that had a lot to do with mortgage performance, which we’ll get to in a minute. In fact, arguably movements in swap spreads are the biggest drivers of mortgage performance today, and we’ll talk about that as I mentioned. Moving on to the next slide on Slide 10. As you can see at the top, this is just the spread of the current coupon mortgage to the 10-year. Over very large periods of time, that’s probably the most appropriate benchmark, but more meaningfully of late, it’s really the 5-year just because the current coupon mortgage is a higher coupon premium or premium, but higher coupon security and it has a shorter duration than a 10-year. So really, if you look at this versus 5-year, you would see that the spread had widened out quite a bit because basically looking here, you would say that we really haven’t widened that much. However, as I mentioned previously, swap spreads are very negative. And, if you look at the spread of the current coupon to benchmarks of the swap curve, that spread is at very wide levels, widest that we’ve seen probably since the outbreak of the COVID pandemic. The bottom left, you can see the performance of mortgages. Absent what happened in late in the quarter and early April did quite well. In fact, if you look at the Bloomberg Indices, mortgages agency mortgages were the second best sector in the fixed income markets behind only [TIPS] (ph). And as you can see here on the left here, as we approach late February into March, the market was rallying. Mortgages did very well. Orchid did well. Most of our peers had solid positive returns and kind of characteristic with mortgage market as a whole. To the right, you see the roll market. I’ll point out a couple of things. On the left two-thirds of that slide, you can see during most of 2024 rolls were not very attractive. That did change quite a bit in the first quarter. They became did quite well. That also just helps the class as a whole. There’s a lot of factors that drive rolls, one of which is just a technical supply and demand such that if there’s demand for mortgages in the front month, but there’s not a lot of supply, the price of the front month mortgage can get bid up and the drop appears to be larger and that gives you a nice attractive roll. Most of what we saw in the first quarter was actually demand from CMO desks for mortgages as they were generating unprecedentedly high levels of CMO floaters, mainly for the banking community. So, that helped support the roll, did fall off quite a bit as we enter April. Now, just moving on to Slide 11, volatility, as you can see, the top slide is quite high. This top slide is a 12 month look back. We are at the highest levels for that period. I would note that the VIX, which is equity vol, was also very high and correlations, which we typically see that have been in place for decades between bonds, treasuries rates, treasuries in particular and equities has really broken down to a large extent over the last month or so. So, for instance, when you would typically have equity weakness and a flight to quality bid, you would see treasuries rally. In fact, we saw just the opposite, and their correlations have become more positive, which is very atypical. Just looking at some perspective here on the bottom just shows this vol level is going back 10 years. And you can see we’re at quite high levels. That big spike you see in March of ‘23 is the regional banking crisis and then back in March of ‘20, that’s the COVID pandemic. So, the vol has generally been elevated. And outside of the regional banking crisis, the current level of vol is really at the highs of the range that we’ve had for the last few years. Now moving on to Slide 12, and this is a new slide. This shows swap spreads. As I mentioned, they’ve moved quite a bit. So, what we show here are just four different tenors. The top one is the 2-year, the orange line is the 5-year, the green line is the 7-year and the blue line is the 10-year. As you can see, they have moved dramatically and become quite volatile of late. So, there’s two takeaways from this. One, if you have new capital to deploy today and you’re looking to hedge that with swaps, the investment opportunities are phenomenal, extremely attractive spreads, widest spreads we’ve seen in quite a time. The flip side of that is, if you enter this period by hedging with swaps, it might have been painful. Hunter is going to talk at length about what we’ve done in the portfolio. I will just give you a brief executive summary. What we generally did, we raised quite a bit of capital during the quarter, We deployed a lot of that proceeds into higher coupon, but shorter duration assets. So, shorter duration assets and we hedged them predominantly with longer duration hedges. So, the combination of a short duration asset being hedged by a longer duration hedge means that you don’t need as much notional to do so. So, that mitigated our exposure to these declining swap spreads. And going forward, we would also we’ve also changed the mix, not as much swaps, we’ve used more treasury futures. And so, if you, for instance, look at our swap notional versus our repo balance, it’s much lower. And the reason is the repo balance tends to attract your asset size, but because the asset mix has moved to more shorter duration assets and we’re using longer tenor swaps or futures, the notionals are low in relation to the repo liability. Moving on to Slide 13. This story hasn’t this just remains the same. It’s just what we’ve been experiencing for quite some time. The top left, the blue line there is just the refi index. We are at historically low levels. And the red line is mortgage rates. They are very, very high, and it’s keeping refinancing activity low. If you look at the bottom chart, you can see that the percentage of the mortgage universe that’s refinanced was very low by historical standards. The top right just shows the primary and secondary spread. That chart is somewhat misleading. Just reflects the fact that, one, rates have been very, very volatile, but also we have rate data on a minute-by-minute, day-by-day basis. On mortgage rates, we don’t get the data as regularly. And so sometimes you just have timing differences where you can lead to appearance spikes down in the primary, secondary spread basis, but that really has been fairly stable. One thing with respect to spreads, we do want to mention is that, as you probably heard, the merge between Rocket Mortgage and Nationstar, this has the potential to definitely increase speeds or hurt the convexity of the mortgage universe. We have added a slide to the appendix, which we will talk about later, Slide 28, and it basically breaks down our exposure to loans serviced by Nationstar. And obviously, there’s a potential for this development to affect performance and the pay-ups for specified pools. But as of yet, we really don’t have any hard data to point to, so that’s still [TBD] (ph). Slide 14, I don’t really have much to say about that other than it just shows you the long-term historical relationship between nominal GDP and the money supply. And as you can see, as the government’s been running massive deficits of late, money supply is very far above its long-term trend growth and has corresponded into higher GDP growth. With that, that’s it for the market, and I will turn it over to Hunter and he will go through the portfolio.

Thank you, Bob, and good morning. We have a lot to discuss this morning. We’ve been very busy, quite active in the capital markets in the first quarter. And so, I have a lot of updates for you. We also want to be mindful of letting our shareholders as well as the counterparties with which we have credit relationships know what measures we’ve been taking to safeguard ourselves from recent market volatility. As such, I’ll be discussing activity and several metrics that are as fresh as last night’s close. And, I just want to mention that’s April 24. So, I want to reiterate that how important it is that these discussions relating to activity this month are Company’s best estimates and are internally generated, unaudited, subject to change and all the things that Howard said in the Safe Harbor discussion at the beginning of the call. So with that, on Slide 16, as I mentioned, we were quite busy. We raised quite proportion to our size, quite a bit of capital in the first quarter, $206 million worth in fact we sold 25 million shares of stock. We estimate that the shares that we sold were a little bit accretive, slightly accretive to shareholders and so above book value in the aggregate net of any fees we would have had to pay. With that said, as the market became more volatile coming into the end of March and really more so in April, the stock price just didn’t perform very well and we implement we reactivated our buyback program. April month to-date, we’ve repurchased over 1.1 million shares of stock. We did so at a weighted average price net of commissions of $6.44 at a time when we spotted our book value at roughly [7.36] (ph) give or take. So that buyback was also quite accretive to shareholders’ equity. Getting back to the portfolio and what we did with that capital that we raised in the first quarter, we bought quite a bit of [Fannie 5.5 6s] (ph) and 6.5s exclusively those three coupons. We did early in the quarter, we’ve been carrying a $200 million [Fannie 3 short] (ph) just because that roll was trading really poorly. It firmed up a little bit and we found some slow paying Fannie 3s that really weren’t doing anything for us and more or less just delivered them into that TBA. I think we got a little bit of pay-up for the pools we sold, but we just sold them on swap and took a little pay-up in, reduced our exposure to Fannie 3s by $200 million and really sort of helped the carry of the portfolio overall. So going back to the new capital, we added approximately $306 million [Fannie 5 30-year for Fannie 5.5s] (ph). Those were all either New York or Florida pools. We’re kind of on to the Florida story I think relatively early and I think that those are going to be good assets to hold especially in the premium space. We added a lot of 30-year 6s, predominantly Florida’s and low level balance pools in kind of the $200,000 to $275,000 max range and some FICOs. And we also added $458 million 30-year 6.5s. Again, those were the same sort of combination as the sixes, $225,000 Florida, FICO. During the month, we also put on a little bit of a basis hedge and what we hope would be a little bit of a basis hedge in a [door 15, Fannie, 5.5s] (ph) swap. We like that for times when mortgages get a little too snug as they were really going into February. With respect to the, going back to Slide 16, sorry. I just want to point out one more thing or two more things. The lack of the portfolio importantly, the end of December was 5.03%. As you can see the result of the securities we purchased in the quarter that drifted up to 5.32%. And we have sold some assets since the end of the quarter and has sort of lacked the portfolio has drifted up a little bit more. And that leads me to some activity that’s taken place since the end of the period. We sold roughly $692 million worth of securities basically to get our leverage back into check. Our leverage at the December was 7.3, 7.8 at the end of the first quarter and I spotted it last night at 7.4, just to kind of carry through that thought. You have a choice to make anytime that you suffer some losses and the portfolio is down in value. We estimate that the portfolio was down, book value was down roughly 8.3% as of last night. And so, as we move down to book value, experience some losses, you have the choice to either explicitly let your leverage ratio rise or mitigate that by selling some securities. We thought it would be prudent to go ahead and sell some bonds. And so the ones we sold were lower carry assets, lower coupon. As I discussed, the lack of the portfolio drifted up slightly because of what we sold. We sold $353 million Fannie 4s $125 million in 5s and $114 million 5.5s. We also put on TBA hedge shorting $200 million more Fannie 4s. I would look last night, I think that we’re maybe 4 basis points or 5 basis points tighter on a mortgage swap basis than we were at the time that we execute these sales and the market has swung around violently since the first few or first couple of days of this week. And so, we’re starting to recover some. The past three days have been quite positive for mortgage assets. And so, we jump back into those securities as things as and if things continue to quiet down, volatility drops, portfolio gains value and our leverage ratio would then start going lower and lower. So, we like where we are positioned, kind of mid-7s leverage ratio. We’re comfortable with that. Our liquidity position is actually a little bit higher than it was at the end of 3/31. And so, we feel good about the risk of the portfolio and the steps that we’ve taken to mitigate potential for future losses. Slide 17 is just kind of a rehash of the portfolio strats that we’ve just discussed. The funding on Slide 18, at the end of 12/31, our weighted average repo rate was 4.46%, compared to 4.66%, 4.46% at the end of March and as of last night, the weighted average repo rate was 4.47%. So, not a lot of change there. We have not seen a change in any material changes in haircuts or the counterparties pulling back from the space so far at least. So, I think that people in our space are reasonably well-positioned and while we might incur some losses, it’s nothing as dramatic as it was say during COVID times. But who knows anything can change, right? So the average term for the repo book was also 26 days at the end of December, 40 days at the end of March and is currently 40 days at the end of March and is currently 30 days, right now. So, not a lot of changes to report in the repo side of the house. As it relates to Slide 19, we talked about our hedges. Of course, I mentioned we unwound several mortgage securities, several different mortgage securities, but we also unwound a number of swaps to offset that risk. Just kind of go through some of the hedging activity that we did in the period. Early in the quarter as expectations for Fed cuts were low, the Fed funds curve was very flat really with only one full cut priced into 2025 and 2026. We use that as an opportunity to unwind $500 million 1-year and 2-year swaps on the very front-end of the curve. We moved that duration out the curve to kind of 10-year point. And then as we added assets during Q1, we predominantly hedged them with a mix of 5, 7s and 10s, skewing a little more heavily towards the 7-years and 10-years and skewing more heavily to swaps than treasures. We did short some 10-year ultra-futures. Late in February, early March, the market had gone from pricing in only one cut in 25 to 26 to almost 4. And so, we reestablished a hedge on the front-end of the yield curve to economically lock in those projected Fed cuts. We did so by adding two years SOFR future strip and I think $115 million and $250 million 6-months by 2-year forward starting swap. Those are done at range around [$360 million] (ph) because I think the yield that we have achieved on the incremental capital that we put to work was in the [5 kind of 60] (ph) area, whereas the legacy portfolio is quite a bit lower than that. So, we’re talking about where we got in and where we’ve been able to hedge our funding costs. Slide 20 is just more of the hedge picture. We you can see the stats going through most of this. As I mentioned, we added some 5, 7s and 10s since quarter-end. So this gives you a breakdown of the portfolio from the hedging book from 12/31 to 3/31 and subsequent to that most of what we’ve done on the unwinds has been in the 8-year and 9-year quarterly curve. So we unwind $474 million 7-year and 8-year payer swaps and we shorted $200 million Fannie 4s. Slide #21, I will just leave this with you. It’s just like what the return and risk reward comparison of the coupon stack, this is generic TBAs and this isn’t really specific to our portfolio, although we do it’s a little confusing, we do add our portfolio allocation and we’re looking at these are just generic TBAs. Of course, our portfolio is constructed almost all specified pools to have some sort of story to them. So we don’t really have anything that’s we have some lower pay-ups bonds, which is a lot of what we sell in times like April within the distressed periods, but we don’t have anything we saw we would really call TBA-ish. We hit the Page 22, is our interest rate sensitivity profile. It has a [DV01] (ph) of the portfolio listed there as well as kind of the dollar and percent change of up and down 50 shot. I just note that since the March, Number 1, this was at the end of March, this was very flat. This won’t guard against basis widening that we’ve seen. Almost all of our losses that we’ve experienced in the fourth quarter or sorry, the second quarter have been attributable to basis widening. This profile is even more flat as of yesterday and it’s down 0.05% in the down 50% and down 0.24% in the up 50%. We keep an eye on this every day as well as several other risk measures. Slide #23 is our prepayment experience. As you can see, we had speeds were 6.2% in Jan, 7.3% in Feb and 9% in March. On an average basis for the first quarter that was 7.5% versus 10.2% in the fourth quarter. I would note that as we’ve added assets that are higher in coupon, we’re going to start seeing that speed probably creep up a little bit and April’s was jumped up a little bit, it was 9%. How did that relates to our book value? We had in January $1.2 million worth of accretion. So our discounts were paying fast enough that they overwhelmed the pay downs associated with our premiums to the tune of $1.2 million, so pay downs actually helped us in that case. February that number was $800,000 March it was $640,000. And then as I just alluded to, we’ve skewed up much higher in coupon over the last over the course of the first quarter. So we had $325,000 worth of pay down related to amortization in the month of April. That’s about all I have for you. So I’ll turn it back over to Bob to give you the outlook and the Q1 wrap up.

Thanks, Hunter. Just to summarize, kind of looking back, Q1 for the most part was a very good quarter. Mortgage performance was very strong. That was reflected in the price of the stock as well. We were able to raise capital on an accretive basis and we did take some meaningful changes to the portfolio and we’re happy with how we’ve repositioned the portfolio. Looking forward, tons of uncertainty. The market has become quite volatile. The driver of the volatility as we all know are, of course, the tariffs and the impact they will have on trade relationships, inflation, growth, but also the fact that a lot of this information, as we all know, comes out kind of in the form of headlines, which means they’re kind of hard to predict. It’s not like regularly scheduled economic data. That’s actually taken a big back seat to these developments. In fact, given the fact that most of the economic data is backward looking, it tends to be disregarded by the market for the most part, and everything is focused on everything with respect to trade, tariffs and so forth. Clearly, the market has taken all of this to process that and try to guess what this means going forward. Obviously, the tariffs are expected to have some potential impact on inflation, drive prices higher, at least in the short-term, even if it is a one-time shock in nature. It remains to be seen whether or not it plays out in that regard. In any event, it’s expected to be at least short-term inflationary, but also drive growth slower. We’ve already seen the economy being resilient, but not robust, and these events are likely to cause us to slow. As we mentioned before, the market’s pricing in three or four cuts this year, maybe as soon as June. And so, you’ll expect this combination of slower growth, which would put upward pressure on the unemployment rate and tariffs and pricing pressures, which put upward pressure on inflation. Those work against both of the Fed’s mandates. So the Fed is clearly in a predicament here. In any event, we don’t know with any degree of certainty. We have no basis of having any conviction in our outlook in terms of how exactly this is going to play out. It’s just too volatile and too much remains to be seen. But as I mentioned, the kind of general takeaway from this is it’s probably slower for growth. There’s potential for Fed eases and it’s going to push inflation up, which would tend to push long-term rates up. Both of those developments will lead to a steeper curve, which is good for us. So, if you look at the way we’re positioned with a skew towards higher coupon, shorter duration assets that generate lots of carry, hedged on the long-end predominantly and the steepness of the curve, that should work quite well. However, we’re happy with our position, but we also are very, very aware of the fact that this can all change and we as like everybody else, are just watching the market every day and just interpreting the events as they occur and hoping we can be positioned or repositioned as effectively and quickly as possible. But by and large, we are, all things considered, happy with our positioning. And that’s about it. With that, we can turn the call over to questions, operator. So, that is all of our prepared remarks.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question or comment comes from the line of Jason Weaver from Jones Trading. Mr. Weaver, your line is open.

Thanks. Hi, guys. How are you doing? Thanks for the time.

Hey, Jason.

First of all, can you tell me where you see your duration gap both at the end of the quarter and to-date after the sales you’ve made?

We don’t do that. Hunter mentioned that we don’t look at it in terms of just numbers. We do it in DV01 basis. And I think on Slide 22, we have that as [$13] (ph) is that what that represents [$2,000] (ph) So that would be [$13] (ph) it’s very narrow. And I think you mentioned it was about the same as of now.

Yes, it’s very, very flat. It’s slightly we’re kind of in this convexity elbow. So we have a decline in value in this 50 basis points shift. If we narrow it in a little bit more, it’s the duration the DV01 hasn’t changed materially since the end of the quarter.

Got it. I was just thinking about how you made the comment about how you were hedging with longer dated swaps and I didn’t know if that had changed post quarter-end, but it seems like you would benefit from a seasoning action in that.

Yes.

Got it.

We unwell predominantly longer assets, most of what we unwound was in was were discounts, so 4s, I think, 5.5s and a 5. So the 5.5s is a little closer to par. But, like I said, we I think we really only had to unwind two swaps and one was a 7-year and one was kind of like a 2-year old.

2-year or 10-year. Yes.

So other than that, yes, we didn’t really have to unwind anything. They had some TBA hedge as well. So looks excited just.

Got it. And just one more clarification. I heard you mentioned your quarter to-date book value was 8 something and I got cut off.

Yes. Let me just go through that. So, I know a lot of our peers have already reported and they reflected their book as of last Thursday. Our book last Thursday estimate was [7.24] (ph) that’s down 8.8%. We had a rough day Monday, but the market’s been good since then. So, as of last night, our estimate is 7.28 so $0.04 above where it was last Thursday, and that equates to a decline of 8.3% quarter to-date. And as we mentioned, our leverage ratio is about 7.4%. It’s actually lower on the quarter.

Got it. Okay. That’s very helpful. Thanks for the color, guys.

It’s worth throwing in, I always like to mention the total returns as well when we talk about book value because our dividend is relatively high. So when we think about how the total return was, of course it was 2.6% we mentioned for the first quarter. Quarter-to-date, the change in book value reflects the dividend accrual. So it’s dividend has been taken out of book, if you will. And so the total return put the dividend account for the dividend that’s going to be paid in May is 6.8% quarter-to-date and year-to-date, having the benefit of three more months’ worth of dividends, our total returns negative 4.08%.

Got it. Thank you for the time.

Yes, absolutely.

Thank you. Our next question or comment comes from the line of Jason Stewart from Janney Montgomery. Mr. Stewart, your line is open.

Hi, thank you. And thanks guys for all the color as usual. Question, after these portfolio changes and hedge changes, where do you see gross ROE sitting today?

Well, versus swaps, very, very high. I mean, take your moment because they’re very volatile, but I would say 20%, I don’t have numbers in front of me, but these are the highest levels we’ve seen at some time.

Yes. We look at the spreads, the 7-year swaps versus current coupon is above 200 basis points or I don’t know what it is right this second, but has been over the course of last week or so. Like I said, it’s been very volatile. So, I don’t on a mark-to-market basis, it wasn’t quite that wide at 3/31, but going forward, if we were, say, putting new money to work, I think very high-teens and even in the low-20s is probably achievable. With our in the context of our leverage framework that’s our current leverage framework.

Got it. Okay. Thank you for that. And then as it relates to that return environment and your cautiousness going forward in terms of spreads, capital raising activity versus buybacks and the dividend, it kind of seems like cost of capital is a little north of where the returns are. How are you looking at the dividend issuance and buybacks?

Cost of capital, let me see. To start with, where the stock is trading now, obviously, buybacks off the table, we got so cheap there that we just in spite of the we basically waited for the market to calm down, and we felt somewhat comfortable using some cash to buy back stock we did. Given where we’re stocks trading today, we’re not far from book. I would say that going forward, assuming nothing changes where we sit today, which is a big if, but we will even consider raising some capital just if nothing else to pad liquidity, not so much to miss as much as the market’s appealing and we would love to put money to work, we would also be cognizant of the need maybe just to add some liquidity just because you never know when the turbulent period is going to come back. But even if you do, I mean, investing at these levels, the yield on the stock got I don’t remember what it was at the lows, I assume mid-20s when we were trading in the low-6s. It’s come up, so it’s not as heinous the yield, but these are pretty attractive returns. Just I know this question comes up a lot when people look at the dividend yield and so forth. A component of the dividend that we pay and have always paid is derived from hedges, in particular closed hedges. And so, that’s you can’t ignore the fact that when you put on significant hedges and then close them out that they have a lasting impact on your tax borrowings because the gains on those derivatives at the time you close them are amortized basically over the remaining term of that hedge. And I know us and our peers in the past have talked about the benefit of these closed hedges, but that that’s coming out of book value. Those dollars are no longer present on the balance sheet, right? And so, if you look at the dividend that’s paid versus taxable earnings, it looks like it’s fully covered, but not necessarily by current period GAAP earnings. So, I want to make that distinction. What you can earn today on forgetting the effect of hedge and hedge accounting and tax accounting is extremely attractive if you’re hedging with swaps. And we really like I said, we haven’t seen anything like this in some time.

Yes. I’d just reiterate that point. It’s companies in the space talk about earnings available for distribution and those types of non-GAAP metrics. We prefer to talk about tax, I guess. And for tax, you defer the benefit of those closed hedges and realize them over time. But for GAAP, once it’s mark-to-market, it’s coming out of book value to the extent that you have it in the money swap, whether it’s open or closed.

So, yes, that’s just slightly different way we different track we take on how we approach that.

Yes. I guess just coming back to the economic side of it though, I mean, the dividend on a book value basis compared to the marginal return, it seems like once you take out operating costs, I’m struggling to see why raising capital here is accretive on an economic basis relative to the dividend unless you obviously changed the dividend?

Well, like I said, the dividend that you’re paying is closely related to taxable earnings. So but you’re not some of that’s coming out of book because it’s closed a component of that are the deferred interest expenses associated with hedges that have been closed. And that’s coming out of book, simple as that. Those dollars are no longer here. Let me explain another way. Let’s say you have $1 billion portfolio and you hedge it. Let’s say the market sells off and the value of your assets goes up by $100,000 and the value of your hedges goes up by $100,000. So there’s no impact on book, right? Now, let’s say shortly after that you close those hedges, the value of the open equity in that hedge, $100,000 is amortized against interest expense over the balance of that hedge period, right? However, in my example, you had $100,000 gain on your hedge and $100,000 gain or loss on your assets. Now let’s assume that your counterparties are efficient with respect to margining activities. So in other words, your hedges went in your favor by $100,000 you called in $100,000 your assets went against you by $100,000 and your counterparties called you for $100,000. So, your net economic impact of that is zero, right? $100,000 went in, $100,000 went out. So, your cash balance is unchanged. For tax purposes, that $100,000 of gain on those hedges, if you close the swaps at the end of that period, is amortized against interest expense for the remainder of that term. Let’s say it’s a 10-year swap. You’re going to reduce interest expense over the remaining term of that 10-year swap by $100,000. You don’t have that in book value, right? That $100,000 was sent out to your asset counterparties when they called you. But it’s a component of taxable income. So, you pay a dividend based on that. And you say, well, look, the yield on that dividend is so high, why would you raise new capital? But how much of that dividend, which is a byproduct of taxable earnings is actually being earned in the future. It’s coming out of book. So you have to look at what are you going to earn on a purely economic basis versus what you’re paying on a purely economic basis, apples-to-apples. And it is higher on the current market.

I guess I would just add that the portfolio hasn’t changed so much that and it could very well change. If we have to cut the portfolio more, we might get in a position where we’re not earning as much, but our outlook now is that we have a tax obligation. We have a distribution obligation to pay out taxable income as we go through the course of this year. And part of that is attributable to things that aren’t on the books anymore. So, we don’t have a lot of leeway there. We need to pay taxes or we can pay a dividend. With respect to your question about whether or not it’s prudent to raise capital, I don’t think either one of us were trying to say that we’re 100% going to be doing that. The market’s been very volatile. We’re just pointing out the fact that we are trading close to book, closer than we were, especially when we bought back shares. I mean, when we bought back the shares at $6.44 after commissions, book value we estimated at that time was around [mid-7.30s] (ph), right? So, that was enormously accretive. It’s much less than that is the only point.

Yes, I got it. And I understand the accounting. One last just question and then I’ll jump out. So the expectation is that at the current dividend level and based on your taxable earnings outlook that the 2025 dividend would be 100% taxable income and not return to capital?

Certainly not going to say that in late April. I did mention earlier this year with respect to 2024, I think it was 96% of the 2024 dividend was taxable. At this point, I would say that does not appear to have changed, but we’ve got a lot of months to go and we have no idea what’s going to happen. And the last thing I want to do is say on a recorded earnings call that our dividend is going to be all taxable earnings for 2025. I have no basis for making such a statement. Year-to-date, what ended in, what was the case in 2024? Has been the case, in other words, the percentage of the dividend that’s taxable earnings is retained and stayed in that level. The balance of the year is completely uncertain.

Yes, year-to-date, we our taxable income has been not on top of our distribution. So and those are massive estimates at this point in the year. So, but we’re not formally doing this, but we do keep track of tax on a month-to-month basis every time factors come out, and so far the distribution has been right on top of taxable earnings.

Great. All right. Thank you.

Yes.

Thank you. Our next question or comment comes from the line of Mikhail Goberman from Citizens. Mr. Goberman, your line is now open.

Hey, good morning, guys. Hope you’re doing well. Not much for me, given all the terrain that we’ve already covered. But if I could ask, you mentioned Slide 28 in the appendix. Just maybe some just maybe some thoughts on the Rocket Mr. Cooper deal and how that affects what prepay speeds in the MSRs there? Thanks.

Yes. So, just I did want to go over that and I’m glad you brought it up. So, on the bottom of the slide, it just shows you by coupon the dollar amount of loans serviced by Nationstar versus our total holdings in that coupon. As you can see, runs in the generally high-single to low-double-digits, I think what’s constructive to consider is what percent of the universe is serviced by Nationstar and how do we stack up. So for instance, let’s say that in the 6% coupon across the cohort, Nationstar serviced 15% and only 12.1% of ours are. So, that’s somewhat beneficial position to be in. So, that’s just kind of observation. We know that Rocket is a very fast servicer and we presume that once they start servicing Nationstar loans, they’re going to get faster. So, the convexity of the mortgage universe will be impacted in a negative way. We unspecified pools, specified pools traded a pay-up. The reason they traded a pay-up is because of a relatively slower speed. Now in this case, it remains to be seen, certainly the specified pools would be expected to pay faster because more of them are going to be serviced by Nationstar, same with respect to the TBA though, the underlying cohort. So, they’re both going to get faster. The question is, does the relative speed stay the same? In other words, does [$150,000 six] (ph) pay at 80% of TBA or is it pay at 90%? That will determine over time how TBAs evolve. That remains to be seen. But there’s no question that having Rocket service a greater percentage of the mortgage universe is not a good thing from the perspective of the convexity of the mortgage universe.

Yes. I would just add that we have a lot of discounts. I think this slide kind of eludes the fact that at the time we put this together at 3/31, 5.5s and below were discounts and 6s, 6.5s and 7s were premiums. So we have a little bit of exposure in the premium space, but we will also notice the Rockets are faster for out of the money borrowers as well. So, a mixed bag and TBD, I don’t think it’s today’s problem. It might be coming down the pike in a few months as the transfers have occurred and the loan officers are able to start using Rocket’s technology to try to refi people. So I’m not terribly worried about it. We did see in the GSEs sold some pools earlier in the month. Fannie Mae didn’t really restrict the percent of Nationstar on their list. It might have even come out before the announcement. But, and then Freddie pulled back and limited the amount going into the cash window pools to 10% going forward. And I think they’ve indicated that going forward they’re going to keep that rule in place. We have some things to do to the extent we have a few pools that are high Nationstar percentages. We can combine them with other pools we own and get the kind of the percent Nationstar/Rocket down. I don’t expect it to be a material impact to the portfolio. It’s been certainly something to talk about though.

Great. Thanks for that. And just to follow-up on a piece of that, Slide 2, slides prior to that. Given perhaps expectations of the margin for Fed easing at some point, what are your thoughts generally on the MBS supply going forward if that were to happen?

I wanted to mention this. The one thing we don’t have in our slide is affordability, which is we all know is extremely low. And if there’s any credence to the argument that these tariffs are going to be harmful to growth, slow growth, drive the unemployment rate higher, I don’t see supply getting too high. I mean, as far as the coming summer, I would expect it to be a below average supply of summer. And there’s just a combination of too many factors working against it. Affordability is low, rates are still high. If there’s inflationary impacts on these tariffs, it’s going to keep the long-end higher. And if you have people worried about their jobs, that’s not good. One thing that’s interesting, you mentioned that the home sales data that came out, new home sales, I don’t know what the change was month-over-month, but if you looked at the details, the number absolute number of new homes for sale is the highest since 2009. And we all know what happened in 2008 and 2009. That’s not a good sign. So, there’s builder buy downs, that’s very prevalent. They can support the market that way, but I don’t think we’re going to have a huge surge of supply. No, I totally agree.

All right, guys. Thank you very much as always and best of luck going forward.

Thanks, Mikhail.

Thank you. Our next question or comment comes from the line of Eric Hagen from BTIG. Mr. Hagen, your line is open.

Hey, Eric.

Thanks, guys. How are you doing? Hey, good to hear from you guys. I want to ask about whether you think the level of spreads has reset higher or wider as a result of the tariff war, like in a scenario where interest rate vol comes down and spreads tighten, like what do you think the level that we could tighten to is and has that level changed over these last few weeks?

Well, pre-COVID, it was 80. I don’t think we’re going there. We haven’t seen on Slide 26, banks have been not very aggressive participants. They used to be kind of the backbone bid. Money managers were very supportive of late. They’ve had redemptions. They haven’t been tighter. I don’t know it depends on your benchmark. Obviously, swap spreads are wider number than the 10-year or the 5-year. I think tightening, but I don’t think we’re going to have an outsized tightening.

Yes, it’s tough to say. Like on an [OAS] (ph) basis, and versus treasuries mortgages don’t look nearly as compelling as they do versus swaps. That’s because treasuries have almost penetrated like a risk asset here in this more recent move in April. So there could certainly be constrained just owing to for entering a period of where the market expects increased volatility that’s certainly not good for mortgages and that could keep spreads on the wider side. But it’s been amazing to see how with one tape bomb, things tighten back up. So, on [FirePal Day 04/21] (ph), it was looking pretty bleak and then things have just we’ve come back as much as $0.26 in a couple of days very quickly. So, yes, I think that comes that full circle, I guess. If this is going to be how things are, then I think investors are going to demand a wider spread to deal with that uncertainty and the ability for them to take leverage down to a more appropriate level for this type of volatile environment.

I would say one thing, this is purely speculation though, but if there is really a softening in the economy and it really truly weakens, mortgages could just benefit from spread widening in corporate bond market, high yield and investment grade, and they could be deemed to be more of a safe-haven asset. That could be beneficial in the short-term, especially if long-end stays high and speeds are slow. You could see that in the near-term. Money managers making relative value allocations but they were pretty overweight mortgages not long ago. So, I don’t know how much more they could go back the other way from where they are now. So, no, I don’t see any catalyst for us materials tightening in the near-term.

Okay. I appreciate you guys. What are your thoughts on buying swaptions and the overall cost of hedging volatility right now? Like do you feel like you have the flexibility and the liquidity to hedge vol if you wanted to? Are we basically kind of like getting the 20% yield as a result of sort of not hedging that volatility risk?

Well, it’s expensive, right?

Right.

That’s a great idea in February.

Yes. Putting that on now would be pretty pricey.

We do. I think as you know, we haven’t in years past, we’ve quite active in vol trades, really caught off guard by feeling pretty good about the world coming into the first quarter of this year. So, we certainly didn’t see the market reacting to the tariff talks and threats as vol as they did, particularly in the treasury market. So, yes, it’s something that we look at a lot. We spend a lot of time on trades that we don’t execute. We had a great one that we looked at that would have been perfect for this scenario. We’ve executed dual digital options in the past, whereby rates up or down and equities down as well. We had one that we evaluated in December, opted not to do it and kicking ourselves a little bit for that. But yes, we will try to be more cognizant certainly of volatility. I just think it’s tough to lag in right now. That’s a tough trade to do right now. So we’re just going to keep doing as we have been, which is sort of delta hedging and staying on top, keeping our leverage in check and adding when we’ve had a few days of strength and to the extent that we feel more uncertain about things, we like to use the leverage lever to really help us manage our risk because we can’t ever get away completely away from the risk of this portfolio without some volatility and convexity hedging, but we can insulate it through lowering leverage.

Just one final point, not to belabor it, but a lot of our use of swaptions is usually driven by track of entry points into those positions when those present themselves. And sometimes it’s just because vol is lower, sometimes it’s because you can do a long and a short to get your all in cost down. That’s just really challenging to do right now.

Yes. We tend to focus on data minimization strategies where we’re doing some kind of a spread trade or putting on a trade that is very highly geared where we have defined kind of a defined risk where we are comfortable losing 100% of our premium, but are looking for outcomes that might have 8x to 10x multiples of that premium to the extent that hedge goes our way. These tend to be kind of tail risk type of events. And so it’s just tough to put on a tail risk trade when you’re in the middle of kind of the tail.

So, we’re deep in the tail.

I appreciate all your guys’ comments. Thank you, guys.

Thanks, Eric.

Thank you. Our next question or comment comes from the line of Christopher Nolan from Ladenburg Thalmann and Company. Mr. Nolan, your line is now open.

Hey, guys. I’ll be short. It seems I’m really surprised by your comment saying the banks are not coming back into the market because looking at the steepening of the treasury curve, deteriorating commercial real estate asset quality, it would seem to me that the banks naturally be increasing their purchases of MBS. Where am I wrong on that?

I know they have a Ginnie space. I don’t know that we’ve seen an in structured space in agencies, but not I don’t think we’ve seen a lot in pass-throughs conventional pass-throughs.

They’re there. It’s just I don’t think enough to overwhelm them. What we’ve seen in money management redemptions and hedge funds, redemptions that’s deleveraging.

They may as we speak because mortgages are attractive. But when you look at early April when you had all the forced selling money managers, a lot of T+1 settled because when they get a redemption, they have to meet it the next day. So, they’re selling what they can, mortgages and treasuries, for T+1 settled. So, that overwhelmed it and that created a very cheap attractive mortgage universe. They may be now, but really in this week, the commentary on mortgage done well this week, I haven’t seen other than Ginnie’s and again, it’s some structured product.

Final question would be on housing affordability on the question that asked earlier. Higher property insurance costs are part of it. In some places you can’t even get homeowners insurance. And my question is, why hasn’t there been more new insurance pools formed for home insurance because rates are so hard there? I don’t know whether --

It’s really hard. I mean, to me that’s well, two things. One, the yield book, which we all in this space use updated the model yesterday. One of the changes in the model was to reflect the slow prepayment activity of Florida pools because of insurance. Insurance is very, very high. I’ve always been a believer that global warming will manifest itself through that. Given what’s happened over the last six months with fires in California, hurricanes here, reinsurance prices are on the moon, new pools, I mean, I think that’s a government source from the government. Private capital, it’s going to be very expensive. I would think the risk premium associated with entering that business would be very, very high. Whether you believe in global warming or not, there’s no question the last few years between hurricanes, floods and whatever, they’re not they’re very, very high and the costs are staggering and you have to deal with regulators. Look at California where when they set insurance rates, it’s backward looking based on historical losses versus projected losses. A lot of the high-end homes in California are insured by [D&O] (ph) providers, which have staggeringly higher premiums and basically what they call retention or deductibles. I think there’s going to be meaningful money brought to the insurance market. It’s going to have to come from the government.

Thank you. Yes.

Yes.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] I’m showing no additional questions in the queue at this time. I’d like to turn the conference back over to Mr. Cauley for any closing remarks.

Thank you, operator, and thanks everyone for listening in. To the extent that a question comes to mind after the call or if you listen to the replay and have a question, please feel free to reach out to us at the office. The number is (772) 231-1400. Otherwise, we look forward to talking to you at the end of the second quarter. Thank you.