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Good day, and welcome to the Stifel Financial First Quarter 2025 Financial Results Conference Call. Today's conference is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Mr. Joel Jeffrey, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thanks, operator. I'd like to welcome everyone to Stifel Financial's first quarter 2025 conference call. I'm joined on the call today by our Chairman and CEO, Ron Kruszewski; our Co-Presidents, Victor Nesi and Jim

Thanks, Joel. Good morning, and thanks to everyone for taking the time to listen to our first quarter earnings conference call. Stifel's core operating strength was evident in generating roughly $1.3 billion in net revenue during the first quarter, despite the volatile market environment. This marks our highest first quarter revenue and third strongest quarter overall, driven by record asset management revenue in our Global Wealth Management segment and robust advisory and transactional revenue from Institutional Equities. While our bottom-line was impacted by a significant legal charge, which I will discuss later, excluding this charge, our operating EPS was $1.65, an 11% increase over the same period a year ago, and it does represent record first quarter earnings per share. Our revenue performance is particularly noteworthy considering the market conditions throughout the quarter. Although we were optimistic about Stifel's prospects in 2025, we also were conservative in our general market outlook. Following two consecutive years of better than 20% gains in the S&P 500, we adopted a more conservative market outlook. As I previously stated, Stifel entered the year with the lowest S&P 500 forecast on The Street at 5,500. Yesterday, it closed at 5,288, down roughly 10% on a year-to-date basis. The combination of tariffs, uncertainty over global capital flows and disagreement between the administration of the Federal Reserve on monetary policy has contributed to increased market volatility. Meanwhile, counterweights that usually strengthen when stocks fall, such as the government bonds and the U.S. dollar, are also under pressure, leaving investors with few havens to wait out the storm. This backdrop has clearly weighed on investor confidence and slowed activity across certain segments of the market. Having served in this role for over 27 years, I've witnessed numerous market crises, from the Russian debt crisis in the late '90s, the technology meltdown in 2000 to 2001, 2008 financial crisis, and the most recent global pandemic. Each time U.S. financial markets have demonstrated resilience and remained a global benchmark. While the current environment has introduced volatility, we do not believe a recession is likely. In our view, the disruption surrounding tariffs is not the new normal. It's part of a high stakes policy negotiation strategy by the White House. Considering the underlying strength of the U.S. economy and efforts to address trade and fiscal imbalances, we remain optimistic about long-term growth. In the near-term, while volatility presents challenges, we are cautiously optimistic. Indeed, periods of uncertainty highlight the value of our advice-centric business model. We are seeing high levels of engagement between our investment bankers and our clients. That said, the greater challenges lies in converting these pipelines into realized revenue, particularly given ongoing market uncertainty. Now, there are pockets of strength within banking, as illustrated by KBW's strong quarter as we are seeing a growing appetite for bank M&A, and we continue to project a strong year for our financials vertical. In Wealth Management, our asset management revenues were up 11% versus last year, but this line item was closely tied to market levels. And if equity markets do not rebound, that could have a negative impact on these results in the future quarters for 2025. Overall, while the market conditions have certainly slowed, we believe that Stifel's diversified business model is well positioned to navigate through short-term volatility and drive significant growth as the market normalizes. Moving on to Slide 2, I'll review our first quarter operating results. The table on the left illustrates our performance excluding the legal charge incurred during the quarter. Presenting our results this way offers a clearer view of our core business performance compared to prior quarters. I'll address the impact of the legal charge separately. We generated net revenue of $1.26 billion, marking the strongest first quarter in our history and an 8% increase year-over-year. This growth reflects strength in both Global Wealth and our Institutional Group. Notably, this is the first quarter since the end of 2021 where all categories in our revenue bridge have shown positive contributions. Looking at the specific revenue lines, commissions and principal transactions increased 3%, with both Wealth Management and the Institutional Group showing year-over-year growth. Investment banking revenues rose 11%, driven by increases in both capital raising and advisory. Asset management revenue reached a record high, up 11%, reflecting organic growth and market appreciation. Net interest income increased 4% compared to the same period last year. Our compensation ratio stood at 58%, aligning with the high end of our full year guidance, as we maintain a conservative approach to compensation accruals early in the fiscal year. Operating pre-tax margin exceeded 20%, consistent with the fourth quarter and first quarters of 2024. Operating EPS, as I stated, was $1.65. While our operating results improved year-over-year. Our bottom-line on both a core and GAAP basis was negatively impacted by a legal charge related to a recent FINRA arbitration panel ruling, which we are currently appealing. As shown on the table on the right, the legal accrual totaled $180 million for the quarter, resulting in a $1.16 negative impact on our EPS. Due to the ongoing nature of this matter, we are limited in our ability to discuss it further. However, we believe that we are appropriately accrued to the recent judgment as well as the remaining outstanding cases. Before I turn the call over to Jim, I want to highlight the critical role our Global Wealth Management business plays in Stifel's long-term growth strategy. Over the past decade, we've more than doubled our revenue in this segment, reaching a record $3.3 billion in 2024. This growth is a testament to our unwavering commitment to providing exceptional service to our advisors and equipping them with the tools necessary to deliver tailored investment advice to their clients. Our advisor-centric culture has been a significant driver of our recruiting success. Over the past five calendar years, we've added 464 experienced advisors with trailing 12-month production exceeding $365 million. '24 alone, we recruited 100 financial advisors, including 34 experienced employees and 12 experienced independent advisors, contributing a total trailing 12-month production of $37 million. As we focus our recruiting efforts on higher-producing advisors, we've seen a continued increase in the percentage of our revenue coming from recurring sources, such as asset management, net interest income, contributing to greater stability in this segment. The strong upward trend in markets over the last few years led many advisors to delay transition, hoping to maximize their trailing production for recruiting packages. Additionally, competition among RIA platforms has driven transition costs higher across the industry. That said, we are seeing real momentum build. The recent market pullback has prompted more advisors to act, and we've adjusted our approach to remain competitive while staying disciplined on our return on investment. We are seeing early success in this initiative and our second quarter is off to a strong start as we've added seven experienced advisors with trailing 12-month revenues of $14 million and more than $3 billion in client assets. To reiterate, our recruiting pipeline remains robust, and I'm confident as I've ever been in our ability to continue attracting highly-productive advisors. And with that, let me turn the call over to Jim.

Thanks, Ron, and good morning, everyone. Overall, operating results were relatively in line with consensus expectations. This was a result of slightly lower net revenue, which was offset by lower expenses when excluding the legal charge. In terms of net revenue, we fell short of The Street estimate by 1% or approximately $14 million, as stronger investment banking and asset management revenue were more than offset by lower transactional revenue and net interest income. Investment banking revenue was the largest upside contributor, coming in $10 million above The Street estimate, driven primarily by higher advisory and equity capital markets revenue. I'd note that in our February operating metrics announcement, we anticipated investment banking revenue to be similar to the first quarter of 2024. The stronger result was due to a few additional transactions closing at the end of the quarter. Asset management revenue was 1% higher than The Street primarily due to a higher fee capture rate. Transactional revenue was 5% below The Street due to lower fixed income and wealth management revenue that more than offset higher-than-expected institutional equity revenue. Net interest income was 3% below The Street estimate on lower NIM, which was driven by lower-than-expected loan growth. We also had some success fees we recognized last quarter related to some venture clients. Those types of fees are episodic and hard to predict when they come in. On the expense side, our compensation ratio was 58%, which was slightly above The Street and in line with the high end of our annual guidance. Non-comp expenses were significantly impacted by the $180 million legal charge we incurred in the quarter. Excluding this, our non-comp expenses were $5 million below The Street estimate. The provision for income taxes came in below the consensus number as the tax rate was impacted by the excess tax benefit recognized due to stock-based compensation. Moving on to our segment results. Global Wealth Management revenue was $851 million and pre-tax margins, excluding the impact of the legal charge, were 36% on record asset management revenue and our second highest first quarter transactional revenue. During the quarter, we added 52 total advisors to our platform. This included nine experienced advisors with trailing 12-month production of $12 million. We ended the quarter with fee-based assets of $190 billion and total client assets of $486 billion. The sequential declines were due to weaker equity markets and modest asset outflows. While our net new assets growth for the quarter was modestly negative, I would note that asset flows turned positive in March as net new assets for the month were in the low-single-digits. On Slide 6, I'll discuss our bank results. Net interest income of $262 million came within our guidance as firm-wide average interest-earning asset levels increased by $350 million and our bank net interest margin decreased by 14 basis points to 3.1%. In addition to what I said earlier, the decrease in NIM was also due to lower asset yields given the repricing lag resulting from the most recent rate cut, as well as the lower day count in 1Q. Our bank balance sheet remains relatively rate neutral. As such, as we progress throughout the rest of 2025, we expect any changes in our quarterly NII and NIM to be dependent on loan growth. Ron will touch on this in more detail in his concluding remarks. Client cash levels decreased during the quarter due to a $920 million decline in sweep deposits and a $690 million decrease in smart rate balances, which were primarily due to typical seasonality in the first quarter related to tax payments. These declines were slightly offset by the $600 million increase in venture and fund banking deposits. As a result of these fluctuations, our total third-party deposits available to Stifel Bancorp ended the quarter at more than $3.7 billion. Our credit metrics and reserve profile remain strong. The non-performing asset ratio stands at 50 basis points. Our credit loss provision totaled $12 million for the quarter and was negatively impacted by the macroeconomic forecast and increased reserves on C&I and unfunded commitments. Our consolidated allowance to total loan ratio was 85 basis points. Moving on to the Institutional Group. Total revenue for the segment was $385 million in the quarter, which was up 10% year-on-year. Firm-wide investment banking revenue totaled $238 million, as we experienced year-on-year increases in advisory and capital raising revenue. Advisory revenue was $137 million, an increase of 15% from last year. The growth in revenue was driven by a strong quarter in financials and solid contributions from our technology and industrial services verticals. While discussions and pipelines continue to be strong, we've seen some deal activity be delayed given market volatility. Equity underwriting of $49 million was up 22% over the same period in 2024 as financials, healthcare and industrials were our strongest contributors. While our first quarter was strong, we did see activity levels slow towards the end of the quarter, and that continued into the first month of the second quarter. Fixed income underwriting revenue was $46 million in the first quarter and declined by 9% year-on-year. This was primarily due to lower issuance activity from our corporate credit clients, as we had a particularly strong quarter in 1Q last year. Our public finance revenue was relatively similar to that of 1Q 2024. Stifel continues to be ranked #1 by the number of negotiated issues led as sole or senior manager. Equity transactional revenue totaled $60 million, which was up 10% year-on-year, driven by increased market volatility. Fixed income transactional revenue of $89 million was up 1% year-on-year, as our rates business continued to perform well as customer activity within our depository and credit union clients has been strong, given the normalized yield curve. This more than offset the slower activity levels we saw from our high-yield and municipal desks. On the next slide, we'll go through expenses. As we noted earlier, our comp to revenue ratio in the first quarter was 58%. Our non-comp expenses totaled $451 million were significantly impacted by the $180 million legal charge that Ron mentioned earlier. Excluding legal, our non-comp expenses were $271 million, which was a 5% increase from the same period last year and our non-comp operating ratio, when adjusted for the impact of the legal accrual, was 20%. Our tax rate for the quarter was 16.4%, which was due to the excess tax benefit mentioned earlier. On Slide 9, I'll review our capital position. Our balance sheet continues to be well capitalized. Tier 1 leverage capital decreased 60 basis points sequentially to 10.8% and our Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio decreased by 60 basis points to 17.6%. Based on a 10% Tier 1 leverage ratio target, we have approximately $324 million of excess capital. In terms of capital deployment during the quarter, I'd note that we increased bank assets by $700 million to $32.1 billion and we repurchased and net settled roughly 2 million shares with 9.2 million shares remaining on our current authorization. Finally, absent any assumption for additional share repurchases and assuming a stable stock price, we'd expect the second quarter fully diluted share count to be 108.2 million shares. And with that, let me turn the call back over to Ron.

Thanks, Jim. So, despite the market volatility, our operating business started the year with a solid quarter with continued recruiting success and a strong contributions from KBW in our public finance business. Basically, Stifel remains well positioned as the year progresses. While we had a solid start to the year, the implementation of new administration policies for 2025 has started slower than we had anticipated just a few months ago. However, market conditions can shift quickly. The uncertainty around policy direction and difficult market conditions have, in our view, merely delayed what we believe to be significant business growth in the near future. If we can establish greater stability in trade policy and advance meaningful tax legislation, both of which we at Stifel believe are achievable, we expect to see positive momentum in the broader economy and capital markets. So, at this time, we are not revising our 2025 financial guidance, and we remain confident in our positioning and long-term growth strategy. However, while we remain cautiously optimistic, we are prepared to revisit our full year forecast if current conditions persist. We also have the flexibility to reallocate capital as needed. Given current market conditions and our recent share price levels, we may moderate loan growth and instead prioritize share repurchase. Our first quarter buyback activity reflects this approach and we will continue to evaluate the most strategic uses of capital as the year progresses. In conclusion, Stifel's advice-centric model proves invaluable during periods of market volatility. Our seasoned advisors across both private client and institutional sectors have consistently guided clients through turbulent times. As markets stabilize, we are poised to continue our long-standing traditional growth. With that, operator, please open the line for questions.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] And we can take our first question from Devin Ryan with Citizens.

Good morning, Devin.

Great. Hey, Ron. Hey, Jim. How are you doing?

Good morning.

Good.

Good. I want to start with a question on advisor recruiting. Heard some of the commentary, Ron, but obviously, there's been a number of acquisitions in the space over the past year. On the flip side, markets have been volatile, which aren't always the best time for people to think about moving. So, just with some of those crosscurrents, I just love to maybe get a sense of what it looks like in terms of advisors and motion right now. And how -- if you could just maybe drill in a little bit more on the recruiting pipeline and expectations for 2025? Obviously, last year, advisor headcount declined a little bit for reasons that you guys spoke about, I think that was more of an aberration, but just your expectation for growth this year, just given some of those crosscurrents?

Well, it has been active with both the recent deal in the employee space with private equity and then the independent transaction. I guess I don't need to name the names, you probably know who they are. But yeah, those have been interesting transactions that I've noted. As it relates to recruiting, look, I am pleased with recruiting. I am pleased with some very -- three high-quality teams this quarter that are highly productive with client and assets and across the spectrum of businesses that is positioning us as a destination for advisors that really are highly productive and we see that continuing. My calendar in terms of recruiting and dinners, and yesterday, we had a virtual open house that was highly attended, is -- I'm encouraged, and markets like this, when you get through this volatility with some decline in the markets, generally pick up recruiting activity. So look, I'm pleased advisor -- I don't look at advisor headcount as much as I look at productivity. And what we're doing is really increasing the productivity, the scale, the breadth, the depth and just our reach into the wealth management space. So look, Devin, I'm pleased. We can always do better. We always -- we're driven by that darn thing called return on investment, right? And so, that's the governor on this, but I'm encouraged. Jim, I don't if you have anything to add.

In addition to recruiting, and I'd also remind everyone that we closed the B. Riley transaction in early April, which added 36 financial advisors and approximately $4 billion of AUM. So, that's another area of growth that will contribute...

And on our platform, I think those advisors are going to be much more productive, I want to say that. We do -- we will see -- in the productivity of those advisors, you'll see the strength of our platform. Go ahead, Jim. I didn't mean to interrupt you.

No, that was it.

So, yeah, Devin, I think it's a great question. It's always the question. And every quarter, that's -- we're focused on continuing to build the firm to our goals.

Yeah. That was great. Appreciate. Good to hear you're feeling well. And then, the -- just a quick follow-up for Jim, I guess. On the wealth commissions, those were a bit softer than we had modelled. Was that just trailing commissions declining or some hesitancy with the volatility? I'm just trying to get a little bit of a sense of what happened in the first quarter and then kind of a trajectory as we look out over the course of the year.

I think it was a little bit of both. I think some of it was -- the trail as well is just limited activity in the quarter. You remember of the volatility that occurred happened after the end of March. And so, we've seen somewhat of a pickup there in some of the client engagement and client repositioning of portfolios. But again, that happened after the end of the quarter.

Got it. Okay. All right. I'll leave it there. Thank you both.

Thank you. And our next question will come from Mike Brown with Wells Fargo Securities.

Good morning, Mike.

Good morning, and thanks for taking my question. Ron, just to maybe follow up on the organic growth question from Devin. You alluded to a change in the shift in the approach to recruitment and that does seem like it's been supporting success with big teams and from the wirehouses. So maybe just in light of this, can you just expand on what that shift has meant and do you expect to see continued success from some of those bigger teams? Thank you.

Well, I think that if you look at -- I think our view on it is that if you look at our margins in wealth management, look at our footprint and the scalability of that model and where we have capacity, these are all factors that went into our thought process in various cities. We just went back to our model and just said, look, with this profitability and scale, we can be more competitive on our transition packages and yet still easily clear our return requirement. So, we've been pretty disciplined as the markets moved away from us. And we've said some of these deals are crazy, but then we went back and looked at our advantage, which in many ways is classic business, right? If you have a pricing advantage, which we do in terms of our margins and it gets really competitive, well, then let's just compete a little bit more because we have the ability to do that. And you couple that nearly 400 offices and some empty desks that are sitting there underutilized, you put all that together, and we've said, "Oh, let's just be a little more competitive," and that we can see that that's going to pay -- that'll help the recruiting. And still, I can still say to all of you, look, we're not mortgaging the future to show short-term growth. And that's always my concern is these deals get amortized over a long time. And if you consistently do bad deals, it won't show up immediately, but it will show up in a few years, and we're cognizant of that. So, I like where we are.

Okay. Great. Makes sense. And then, if we could just maybe change gears and unpack your comments on the M&A activity in the bank space, that's an area where the deregulation is happening, the Capital One-Discover deal has got an approval. That seems to remove a regulatory overhang. But we are seeing lower share prices, shifting interest rate backdrop, those present headwinds. So, what's the view there in terms of that consolidation trend? Is it perhaps a strong -- is it as strong as it was coming into the year? And do you think we can see those announcements coming through in '25? And then, just given the deregulation tailwind, are you expecting a shorter timeframe between announced and close on those deals?

Well, your second question first, and the answer is yes. We believe that Discover-Capital and we believe that even deals that could be announced now could close this year, okay? That's -- if you'd asked me that two years ago, I'd have said no, there will be no more closings on deals that will get announced in April. But yes, we believe that the -- from announcement to close has shortened even to the point where I would say -- but it would not be unreasonable to announce the deal and still close it this year, at least that's what bankers are telling me, and I'm listening to them, okay, and the ones that are going through the process. So, that's the second question first. As it relates to overall activity, it's a great question, and it will be driven in many ways, it's sort of a -- I don't want to say a self-fulfilling prophecy, but there is a lot of reasons that consolidation needs to occur and there were a number of headwinds in terms of accounting and mark-to-market and a number of things. And what you'll see, I think, -- all right and I'm just going to take me out, because I'm not going to point to anything, but I think though, you'll get a couple of transactions when they do or if they do get announced or whatever, that will begin to drive the -- what happens when someone said, oh, that was how that was done, and we got to look at this deal. And so, banking M&A is often a crowd sport, if you will. One doesn't and another one does it. And another one reacts to the competitive things. And so, that's what happens. And that's -- I can see that happening, all right? Now, we'll see, okay? But that's what I would say. I would say if I overall looked at our segments, I would still think that our FIG segment, at least on the advisory side, will be one of our better segments and would be -- as I sit here today, will be stronger than last year. Other segments, I think, are more tariff, tax policy, number of uncertainties that need to be cleared up to allow that even there's more debt financing and some other segments. So, I feel that that's a little softer, but financials, I think, will be a little stronger.

We've seen bank deals approved in as little as four months. And so, there's obviously some positive feedback we're getting from the regulators and their receptivity to improving transactions, and that's very positive, given the rationale that Ron laid out and the need for bank..

Right. And I think a lot of the regulators understand that the there's a risk -- there's a lot of risk between announcement and closing that regulators recognize now and they're trying to minimize because that is a risky timeframe for shareholders.

Great. Thank you so much for all the color there.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs.

Hey, guys, good morning. Thank you. Another one on recruiting, just again related to the sort of adjustments you made to your approach to stay more competitive. Is there any particular section in the market that's more receptive to sort of the changes you made and the changes you're seeing in your recruiting pipeline? And I know you talked about building out the independent channel in the past. I'm not sure if that's sort of part of the changes you're making or you're still largely focused on the employee channel?

We are largely focused on the employee channel, first of all. And second of all, yeah, I think where we focused is on the higher productivity, more holistic teams that do work with family offices, work on both sides of the balance sheet, not only managing money, but utilizing our bank to provide banking and holistic services. So, I would say the advisors' team, so not just single advisors, but attracting teams that our approach the business -- on the employee side, albeit, but approach the business from a holistic advice and planning model. Look, we have a lot of advisors do very well just advising clients, but there is a segment of the employee channel that we've adjusted to be more attractive to, because that same segment is probably also being more heavily corded by the RIAs. And so, we're adjusting to both our inherent pricing advantage and the competitive nature that comes from the RIAs.

Got it. Okay. Understood. And then, in terms of the outlook, obviously, I appreciate the challenges with trying to predict the next several months given all the uncertainty, so maybe keep banking out of it. But when it comes to NII, maybe give us your updated thoughts on sort of near-term outlook for Q2 and for the full year. And as part of that, I was hoping you could hit on where cash balances stand in April. Obviously, lots of volatility, but there's also a tax season. So, maybe some of the core buckets, sweep deposits as well as third-party bank sweeps kind of where that stands so far in April?

Alex, this is a great time for me to say, Jim, this is yours.

So, I mean I think we gave a range for NII for the second quarter of $260 million to $270 million. And I think given the fact we've talked about our balance sheet being rate-neutral, the outlook is really going to be dependent on the mix and volume of loan growth. Ron gave some commentary of continuing to evaluate the trade-off between repurchases and loan growth and we're going to look at that every day based upon the best risk-adjusted return. So, more to come there based upon how the market continues to evolve, but that's going to be the primary driver. In terms of cash sweeps, we've still seen some continued outflows since the end of March. Sweeps probably down another $100 million, $150 million, and we've seen a couple of hundred million plus in terms of smart rate. Again, I would say the vast majority of that is typical seasonality related to tax payments. I think the key with the inflection point in the sweep and smart rate balances is what happens now that we're after tax season and where balances go from here.

I mean there's -- I can say when I look at it, the relative size of tax payments following two years of really strong market gains and some profit taking that was occurring is high, okay, relatively high. There's a lot. Government coffers are getting some cash at least from this part of the economy that I see. So -- and I think just to go on what Jim just said, I want to reiterate, it should be obvious to everyone on this call that in the environment that we're in, especially with the drawdown in share valuations, especially in financials and at Stifel, that the math changes on the return on investment vis-a-vis allocating capital to building balance sheet growth via loans or repurchasing shares at these levels. The math changes, but also the loan demand in this environment is also somewhat muted relative to what we were expecting. And we don't necessarily like trying to grow loans and without a lot of loan demand because that sometimes leave the adverse selection. So, the combination of all of that just has us trying to say to you, look, today, as we sit here today, we can see instead of saying we're going to grow our assets by $3 billion to $5 billion, we could say that will be lower, but we'll up our share repurchases because we're still generating a lot of capital. So that's maybe the shift in tone a little bit, Alex.

And one other follow-up comment on cash, I should also mention, we've continued to see nice increases across the venture and fund banking deposits. The last two quarters have been well above that kind of $300 million run rate of net additions, and we're continuing to see that nice level of increase in the first -- what we've seen so far in April.

Yeah, it's a balance, totally get it. Thanks, guys.

Thanks, Alex.

Thank you. And we will take our next question from Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research.

Hi. Good morning, Ron and Jim. I hope you're both doing well. So, I wanted to ask a follow-up on some of the trends that we saw at the bank, specifically around the NIM, the contraction was admittedly probably the highest among the banks that we track. It looks like the primary culprit was securities yields. I was hoping you could unpack the timing-related impacts that you were alluding to earlier. Just want to get a sense as to how big of a drag that was on the NIM in the quarter and how you're thinking about just managing duration, bigger picture, just given some of the expectations for increased steepening of the curve?

So, obviously, within the bond portfolio, the CLO book is by far the largest piece. Those reprice over 90 days. So, you're still getting the lag effect baking in on the asset side there in terms of the last two rate cuts in the fourth quarter. You also saw a pretty sizable drawdown. If you look on the yield chart on C&I loans, I think it was down 75-ish -- somewhere around 75 basis points. Again, I mentioned on the call, both this quarter and last quarter, the impact of some of the success fees that we had related to venture clients, that was a couple of million dollars in the fourth quarter. And obviously, those are episodic kind of one-time in nature and hard to predict. But when you think about that impact on NIM, that's annualized under the NIM calculation and has a bit of an outsized impact. So you combine the day count, you combine the repricing lag, you look at loan growth being lower than we originally anticipated and then you layer on top the success fees, that's really what's driving it. And so, while the decline may have been more than you've seen in some other places, we're still very happy with the 3.10% bank NIM in this environment. I think that return is very strong. I'd also say if you look at our results, they were also within our forecasted range of $260 million to $270 million, although at the lower end of that range. So, I think this is not unexpected from where we were trying to guide to last quarter on our call.

Yeah. I think, look, it's a great question and looking at the raw numbers, I agree with what you're saying. But when we unpack it, we're very comfortable, primarily the success fees and the impact that, that has. So, Steve and I hear you, but I would caution you to not think that that's some permanent compression.

Yeah. I mean, we're more asset sensitive than most banks, right? And so, we also have the ability to adjust that on the liability side in terms of rate cuts. And so, that gives us the ability to be relatively rate neutral outside of these kind of timing effects, whether it be the fees or the lag on certain items on a quarter-to-quarter basis.

No, it's a fair point. And certainly did see that on the liability side, you guys did a nice job of managing deposit pricing. Just for my follow-up, I did want to drill down into public finance and maybe fixed income more holistically. The public finance outlook, just given the murky policy picture, how much of the strength in activity do you believe is durable versus temporary? And then, on fixed income brokerage, just given the strength in volumes and volatility, the revenues there were a little bit lighter than we had anticipated, and was hoping you could unpack that as well.

On public finance, yeah, it's murky. There are a lot of things that are murky with respect to tax bill and what's on the table. You can actually see a big, big, big, spike in activity depending on what happens if you say private activity bonds or stadium bonds or things like that, college -- tax incentives for certain large colleges. There was a lot of things on the table here. And so, I think that, that coupled with just the murkiness has led that to be a little choppy. That said, there are a lot of infrastructure that needs to be done. We see it, especially at the community levels where we are highly active in terms of just normal infrastructure whether it's school, sewers, development, housing. So, we see that business remaining healthy. But anytime you're floating around tax bills, that's going to create some uncertainty, that's what I would say in the public finance...

We certainly -- and things kind of ground to a halt in public finance in March. It certainly hit an air pocket, but I'd say our calendar right now, our underwriting calendar is as busy as it's ever been and the outlook there is very strong.

Not just at Stifel, on The Street when you look at the volume.

Certainly. And then in regards to rate -- in regards to fixed income trading, the thing I'd point out is we had a decent quarter in our rates business. 1Q is typically our seasonally slow period for our rates business. And then, you add on to the fact in the comparable period last year, particularly in our credit book, we had a lot of trading in the Visa B shares. That is somewhat episodic as well and didn't repeat itself to anywhere near the level we saw in the prior year. So, you combine those things that had an impact on the first quarter, but I think from here forward and when you think about fixed income trading, I think the second quarter will be relatively flat to up from here with a relatively optimistic outlook.

That's great color. Thanks so much for taking my questions.

Absolutely.

Thank you. Our next question will come from Bill Katz with TD Cowen.

Great. Thank you very much for taking the questions this morning. Good morning, everybody. So, I'm just trying to come back to some of the math, if that's okay. If I simply annualize your first quarter revenues, I get sort of below the low end of your initial guide, your current guide, which you're not changing at the moment, I still appreciate all the moving parts. But as I think about your commentary into the second quarter and what's been going on in the macro perspective, it seems like revenues may tip down potentially just given the different business component pieces, if you will. So, just trying to understand what's your macro framework as you get to the second half of the year, particularly if you still think the S&P is going to hover at current levels here? I'm just trying to figure out where the incremental drivers of opportunity might be. Thank you.

Well, first of all, I don't know this exactly, so I should be careful. I think if you go back like almost every year and annualize our first quarter, you would end up less than what we end up with. I mean, it's just -- that's just the seasonality in our business. The fourth quarter is always strong, but revenue gets pulled into the fourth quarter, the first quarter tends to be relatively slower as does the third quarter, usually, okay? But our -- we have adjusted our internal forecast to account for lower equity markets. We've adjusted it for our pipeline, we've adjusted for what things the deals are. So, when I say that we're not revising our guidance, it's not on the hope of some miraculous turnaround, it is on the belief that the equity markets may hover around here. But we do think that on the institutional side of business and on the advisory side, which is probably the biggest fluctuation always, we believe that this short-term lull in activity, if they have all of the things, we believe is not for the rest of the year thing. Now, as I said in my remarks, if it turns out that we're going to take tariffs in China to 250% and do some other things that have been talked about, then we'll revisit it. But right now, as we sit here today, I'm comfortable with what we have said. And I believe from here, that market conditions will improve. But that's looking into a crystal ball. And I would want to say that. Our need to get within our guidance range though does not require some recovery in the markets here of any magnitude. It would help -- it will definitely help on the institutional side to get -- take some of the volatility out of this market.

I would add, it's really hard to annualize investment banking results in any quarter in any economic environment. That's really lumpy, and particularly on the underwriting side, that can change very quickly if the market gets some stability to it. On the advisory side, we talked about the strength in KBW at length here already, but we've also seen a strong outlook within our tech practice with our industrial services practice. So, there are pockets of strength there that we see things improving over the back half of the year.

That's very helpful. And maybe just on capital management, I appreciate the interplay between the decision to repurchase stock versus grow the bank balance sheet. How are you thinking about M&A more broadly for the firm at large, just given a lot of volatility and some deals around you? Any areas of particular focus that might be of interest as you think about inorganic opportunities? Thank you.

Yeah. Back to the first part, I do, I also want to say that on The Street, and I would echo this, activity, especially buying is usually back-half weighted, okay? And that's true in almost every year. But when I listen to the commentary and what people say and as I said in my remarks, a lot of things that have been delayed, I think, have not been canceled. So, there is increasing demand for services, assuming we don't drive the U.S. economy off the cliff, okay? And I don't think we're going to. Now as it relates to M&A, we're always looking at things, and we will continue to do so. I feel that a lot of the pricing which is primarily driven by firms that don't have the capital levels that we have as a regulated institution that fund deals would get and don't really need tangible equity has really made pricing of these deals difficult for us in the last few years. But we're always looking. Again, B. Riley was a nice bolt-on and I'm always open, okay, and get a lot of the calls. I don't feel like we're missing anything, but as I said in my opening remarks, I do rely on that calculator on return on investment and that's always going to be a governing factor.

Okay. Thank you for taking both questions.

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] And our next question will come from Chris Allen with Citi.

Hey, Chris.

Good morning, guys. Thanks for taking the question. Most topics have been covered. One thing I wanted to ask on is just the FICC brokerage outlook for 2Q is flat to up. Just if you could remind us what level of FICC brokerage is tied to FICC underwriting? And what is kind of the separate buckets there? Munis, I think, is a key driver of trading, but I think rates is most important. And just to try to think about the different outlooks and what is tied to underwriting under recovery and what can continue to perform without underwriting coming back in the near term?

So, from a FICC underwriting perspective, obviously, the vast majority of that is going to be public finance. But outside of public finance, a lot of what we'll see is investment-grade type activity. We had a reasonable year last year there -- it's been a little bit slower activity earlier in this year. I think we referenced that in some of our comments here earlier. And so, those are really kind of the main drivers there. But we touched on kind of the other kind of FICC transactional drivers with 1Q kind of being generally softer quarter in the year. I don't know if you have anything else to...

No.

Thanks, guys. Appreciate it.

Thank you. And it appears though we have no further questions at this time. Mr. Kruszewski, I will turn the call back to you for any additional or closing remarks.

Thank you, operator. So, I'll just close by saying these are volatile times and uncertain times. Stifel is well-positioned from a balance sheet, from a liquidity, from a diversification of business to not only perform well in markets like this, but we're well positioned with respect to the rebound in markets. And I'll end maybe an optimistic note that I believe the recent volatility and all the uncertainty is short term, it's unique negotiating styles, but the economy remains strong. And when we get a little more certainty on some of these very disruptive policies, we will -- we are well positioned, and I think the industry is well positioned, to take and monetize some of the deals that have frankly been delayed, but we'll see. Hope springs eternal here, and we're well positioned to continue our historical growth. And I look forward to talking to everyone on the second quarter call. And to everyone, have a great day. Thank you.