PUBM - NASDAQ

Well, hello, everyone, and welcome to PubMatic's Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Call. My name is Kelsey, and I will be your

Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to PubMatic's earnings call for the third quarter ended September 30, 2024. This is Stacie Clements with the Blueshirt Group, and I'll be your operator today. Joining me on the call are Rajeev Goel, Co-Founder and CEO and Steve Pantelick, CFO. Before we get started, I have a few housekeeping items. Today's prepared remarks have been recorded, after which Rajeev and Steve will host live Q&A. [Operator Instructions]. A copy of our press release can be found on the website at investors.pubmatic.com. I would like to remind participants that during this call, management will make forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our future performance, market opportunity, growth strategy and financial outlook. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and future conditions. These forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. You can find more information about these risks, uncertainties and other factors in our reports filed from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are available at investors.pubmatic.com, including our most recent Form 10-K and any subsequent filings on Forms 10-Q or 8-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. All information discussed is as of November 12, 2024, and we do not intend and undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law. In addition, today's discussion will include references to certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA, non-GAAP net income and free cash flow. These non-GAAP measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of these measures are the most directly comparable GAAP measures is available in our press release. And now I will turn the call over to Rajeev.

Thanks, Stacie, and welcome, everyone. Our third quarter results exceeded expectations on both the top and bottom line. Revenue in the quarter grew 13% year-over-year. Clients continue to build their advertising businesses on our platform, and we are becoming more embedded into clients' tech stacks and more integrated across the ecosystem. Over the last few months, driven by the strength and scale of our CTV solutions as well as the depth of our expertise, we capitalized on the surge of political advertising demand. In just a few short years, we have organically scaled our CTV business, and we now work with 70% of the top 30 streaming publishers. Even as we further penetrate the head of this market where the bulk of consumers are spending their time, we also have tremendous opportunity to expand our existing streamer relationships. On average, CTV monetized impression volume was up over 100% year-over-year for the third straight quarter as we have reached a critical mass of streaming inventory to meet the surge in ad demand on our platform. Included in this surge was greater-than-expected activity from political advertising, which was heavily focused on CTV. Certainly, the increase in streaming inventory on our platform drove growth in this category, but more impactful is our ability to quickly build new products that drive incremental growth. In Q3, we launched new tools to help unlock streaming inventory in order to better capitalize on political ad budgets. For context, many publishers typically block political ads altogether as a way to protect the user experience from unwanted political issues or candidates. But this is a blunt strategy and leaves money on the table. We developed a better approach for streamers utilizing generative AI technology. Our solution classifies each ad on granular criteria such as political party, federal, state or local candidate or issue, sentiment and more. As a result, more than 250 incremental publishers and streamers that have historically blocked political ads chose to open their inventory to PubMatic for political campaigns that meet their user experience criteria. This enabled us to scale political spend on our platform much faster than we expected as buyers were able to reach the audiences they were targeting while content creators maintain control over their inventory. Further, political buyers were able to leverage Connect to curate rich political data sets on PubMatic inventory for targeted higher ROI advertising. This underlying Gen AI technology will have ongoing applications as we leverage it in other ad-sensitive categories or markets such as language and sentiment detection. Looking forward, we'll continue to build solutions that unlock inventory and increase monetization. This includes our recently launched CTV marketplace, which offers real-time inventory curation along numerous dimensions built on sell-side technology. With the simple opt-in, streamers can unlock more value from their inventory while making it easier for buyers to access premium content and targeted audiences. For example, ad buyers specifically looking to reach sports fans can leverage our off-the-shelf and easy-to-buy live sports inventory. DIRECTV advertising and Roku are already leveraging PubMatic CTV marketplace with positive feedback from both publishers and buyers. As the CTV marketplace grows, we believe it will create stickiness for our CTV business. We continue to onboard new streamers, growing our streaming customer count by 13% year-over-year to over 280. For example, we recently signed Xumo, a joint venture between Comcast and Charter that offers streaming devices and services to tens of millions of customers per month. Through this partnership, PubMatic will bring demand from our SPO relationships across their content portfolio, including Xumo Stream Box, Xumo TV and its fast app,

Thank you, Rajeev, and welcome, everyone. Revenue grew 13% over Q3 last year, above expectations, driven by strong growth in CTV. In addition, we successfully monetized more inventory against the strong political ad buying cycle. Even more exciting, our business grew 17% year-over-year, excluding political advertising and the large DSP buyer that I called out earlier this year. Highlighting our differentiated infrastructure approach, gross profit increased at an even faster pace. Due to the combination of cost management, productivity improvements and an increasing proportion of high-value impressions like CTV, gross profit was up 23% year-over-year. Other important callouts in the quarter. We increased monetized impressions across all formats and channels with the fastest growth coming from omnichannel video impressions at nearly 50% growth year-over-year. With the growing mix of video, our overall platform CPM also increased. In addition, emerging revenue streams more than doubled year-over-year and contributed an incremental three-percentage points of year-over-year growth. Our Q3 performance underscores the value of our diverse omnichannel platform and the significant impact of our strategic multiyear investments in key secular growth areas. It also demonstrates the strength of our durable model and our ability to deliver profitable growth. We delivered adjusted EBITDA of $18.5 million or 26% margin ahead of expectations. Breaking down Q3 by format and channel. We saw continued secular growth above market rates for omnichannel video revenue, which grew 25% over Q3 last year, an acceleration from last quarter's 19% growth. The share of omnichannel video revenue to total revenue hit an all-time high of 36% in the quarter. Notably, CTV monetized impressions more than doubled over last year. Our mobile app business continued to perform strongly and grew over 20% year-over-year for the fourth quarter in a row. Our display revenues across both mobile and desktop channels grew 9% year-over-year. We saw strong organic growth as our existing publisher revenues on a trailing 12-month basis continued to grow with net dollar-based retention at 112%. SPO represented approximately 50% of total activity on our platform. Underscoring the long-term strategic value and stickiness of these relationships, the trailing 12-month net spend retention rate from SPO partners with at least three years of spending was 113%. Across the globe, all regions grew in the third quarter. Looking at growth in ad spend, the top 10 ad verticals inclusive of political increased by 20% year-over-year. Among the four verticals that I commented on last quarter, we saw some recovery in travel and arts and entertainment, while technology and automotive remained soft. Shifting to our operating priorities. We continue to make significant progress. As a reminder, our priorities are focused on delivering multiyear revenue growth and incremental margin expansion. First, we continue to invest in areas where we see the highest revenue growth opportunities. We have added over 100 team members in sales and technology since Q3 of last year. As a result of our innovation and focused sales efforts, we have reached critical mass in our CTV business and are seeing strong CTV growth as buyers and publishers are making us a preferred partner. We are also investing in supply path optimization to address the large greenfield opportunities from independent agencies and direct brands. We have filled the majority of the buyer-focused sales positions we had planned to hire this year. As these team members ramp, we expect increased productivity that will position us well for continued growth in 2025. And our investment in people and technology to drive emerging revenues is paying off. As I mentioned, emerging revenue streams contributed three-percentage points of growth in Q3 and is on track to be four to five-percentage of total revenue in Q4. We are at the early stages in the adoption cycle of these products. And looking ahead, we anticipate that these innovative solutions will continue adding meaningful incremental revenue and profit growth in 2025 and beyond. Second, we continue to prioritize efficiency and operational excellence by optimizing our infrastructure and making prudent investments in CapEx. As a result, we've increased capacity on our platform while improving margins and unlocking dollars to fund new products. We added 20% incremental gross impression capacity on our platform year-over-year. At the same time, software optimization initiatives led to lower unit costs. The cost of revenue per million impressions was down 18% on a trailing 12-month basis. This productivity contributed to the 23% gross profit increase year-over-year, which was an acceleration over Q2's growth of 10%. Overall, the progress we have made against our operating priorities has allowed us to return value to shareholders through our expanded share repurchase program. For example, we increased the pace of repurchases in Q3 to $29 million and bought back 1.8 million shares or 3.3% of fully diluted shares outstanding. Moving down the P&L. Q3 GAAP operating expenses were $47.6 million or 3% sequential increase from Q2 as we made targeted investments in technology and sales team members. Q3 GAAP net loss was $0.9 million or a loss of $0.02 per diluted share. Adjusted EBITDA was $18.5 million or 26% margin. Moving to cash and our capital allocation. We have a healthy balance sheet and generated positive cash flow, which supports our long-term capital allocation strategy. We believe our strong capital structure and effective capital allocation plan will help us deliver long-term shareholder value. We ended the quarter with $140.4 million in cash and marketable securities and zero debt. Since the inception of our repurchase program in February 2023 through the end of Q3, we have bought back 7.6 million Class A common shares for $124.1 million. As of the end of the third quarter, we had $50.9 million remaining in our repurchase program authorized through December 31, 2025. In Q3, we generated $19.1 million in net cash provided by operating activities. Free cash flow in the quarter was $2.9 million and was impacted by the two items I called out last quarter: one, the timing of our CapEx investments, which peaked in Q3; and two, the increase in DSOs resulting from a change in our receivables mix associated with the option changes made by one of our large DSPs. We view this DSO change as a short-term phenomenon that will work its way through our working capital by mid next year. Now turning to our outlook. We are pleased with the growth we're seeing, particularly from secular growth drivers, and we remain cautiously optimistic as we head into the peak holiday season. In October, omnichannel video revenues grew in the double-digit percentages and political advertising continued its strong momentum. As we had expected, spending from the large DSP we called out earlier this year was steady, though as a reminder, at a reduced level year-over-year. In terms of Q4 holiday spending, trends were muted leading up to the election. Taking all these factors into account, we expect revenue in the fourth quarter to be in the range of $86 million to $90 million. On an apples-for-apples basis, excluding political advertising and the DSP buyer, the implied Q4 year-over-year revenue growth rate is over 15%. As a reminder, we will lap the DSP impact at midyear 2025. For the full year, we have raised our revenue guidance to be between $292 million and $296 million or 10% year-over-year growth at the midpoint, including the negative impact from the DSP buyer. In terms of costs, we expect Q4 GAAP costs to increase sequentially in the low single-digit percentages. With our revenue guidance and targeted investments associated with our operating plan, we expect Q4 adjusted EBITDA to be between $34 million and $37 million, approximately 40% margin at the midpoint. For the full year, we expect adjusted EBITDA to be between $89 million and $92 million or approximately 31% margin at the midpoint. In summary, we are pleased with our Q3 results and the growth we're seeing across the business, especially in CTV. Our investments in the secular growth areas of video and mobile are showing excellent results, and we are building the pipeline for further incremental growth in the future with our emerging revenue products. Heading into 2025, the combination of our strong financial health, momentum in the fastest-growing areas of programmatic advertising and our differentiated scaled technology platform give me confidence that we are well positioned to deliver significant value to our customers and shareholders. With that, I'll turn the call over to Stacie for questions.

[Operator Instructions]. Our first question today comes from Shweta Khajuria at Wolfe. Please go ahead Shweta

Thanks, Stacie. Let me try two, please. One is on what you've seen in terms of demand trends quarter-to-date from advertisers as well as just consumer spend. If you have that visibility, that would be great, but specifically advertiser spend. And then the second one is next year. So Steve, as you think about next year with headcount, OpEx, how are you positioning the company in terms of your goals for next year, especially in light of maybe there was some change around 1% of headcount fairly recently.

Sure. Nice to reconnect, Shweta. So first, with respect to recent trends, as I shared in the prepared comments, we started off the quarter very well. Omnichannel video continued its double-digit growth as it has all year long, and we saw continued very strong political. And as others have commented on, the political spending has been significant across the ecosystem, and that did seem to mute holiday spending. But as a reminder, we are going into the peak holiday spending mid-November onwards. So, from our perspective, all the fundamentals are very positive. I shared the statistic that if you just look at the business that excludes the DSP change, excludes political, compared to last year in the third quarter, that grew 17%. And the implied guidance that I shared is over 15%. So, our core business is very healthy. We're cautiously optimistic about the fourth quarter. But big picture, we're doing all the right things in terms of investing in the right areas behind all the long-term secular growth drivers. Now with respect to 2025, I'd say from our long-term perspective, we've always focused on efficiency and productivity, and that's not going to be any different going into 2025. And one of the things that we're going to do is continue to look for opportunities around efficiency. Rajeev shared some of the points around AI, but it's also going to be around productivity. So, I would say that we're probably not going to add as many people in the team as we did this year or prior years and really get more leverage. And primarily, it's because we get a lot of really targeted hiring for the roles that we need, and we are -- they're in place. And so, we're feeling really good about the level of resources in the market right now.

Our next question comes from Matt Swanson at RBC.

Maybe building off Shweta's question, and you mentioned the 100 team members in sales and technology. Could you just expand a little bit about kind of the go-to-market motion with these new products and the emerging revenue stream and kind of how you're able to let people know the value proposition for them?

Sure. Yes. Why don't I take that one? So, I think a big part of what we've been doing over the last couple of years and is continuing is to get deeper and closer on the buy side of the ecosystem, such with agencies and advertisers, primarily given our SPO value proposition. And we mentioned earlier in the call that we're now penetrated 70% penetrated into, for instance, the top 30 streamers. We're growing the Commerce Media business. We announced Activate partnership and Connect with Dentsu. So, we really think that it's important that we engage with a growing sector of the buyer ecosystem. And while a couple of years ago, we started with the agency Hold Cosmic, there's no shortage of large advertisers that also want to engage in supply path optimization, along with independent agencies. So, the go-to-market is really a combination of two things. One is we have relationship-focused people on the buy side, so they're covering the big buyers. And then more recently, we've moved to or in the process of moving to a specialist sales structure where we will have product specialists that are going in with those relationship folks in order to expand those relationships. So, we think that's a critical part of the opportunity. Again, the Dentsu example is a good one where we've been working with them with SPO for quite some time and now expanding that into Connect and into activate. GroupM is another good example where we've been powering the premium marketplace for a number of years, and we've had a steady geographic expansion. We started in Europe, then into the U.S. and now most recently into Latin America.

That's super helpful. And then maybe just a question on the DSP change. We talked a bit last quarter about the need to do some algorithm optimization post the change and about that taking some time. Could you just kind of give us an update? I know it's still early on just what you're seeing from your reaction to the reaction, I guess?

Sure. Yes, go ahead, Steve.

Yes, happy to. So, one of the things that I commented at, Rajeev, as well, that it was a process that we're going to work through, and we had confidence that we're going to be able to do that. And the good news is that the spend from this buyer has stabilized. And so, there was an adjustment at midyear. And since then, it's been steady going. So, I'd say that as we called out, it's a change in the level of spend, but not the change in terms of how we're operating with that DSP. And we feel very enthusiastic about the ability to grow that over time. But we are going through an adjustment period, as noted last quarter and this quarter, and we will for the first half of 2025. But the key point to note is the rest of the business, which is the majority of the business, over two-thirds, is growing significantly in the third quarter, 17%, slated to grow 15%-plus in the fourth quarter. So the fundamentals of our business are very robust. We see the DSP change as in the rearview mirror, and we're just working through it now.

Yes. Maybe I can just add a quick comment on that. So, it's true, of course, Matt, we're going to have a bit of a headwind with that DSP until middle of next year. But to Steve's point, we're getting much more deeply embedded into advertising-driven businesses. The X announcement, the supply path optimization with Dentsu with Connect and Activate, Western Union and Commerce. We've expanded the Roku relationship into CTV marketplaces. So, these are all, I think, good examples of how we're getting more and more embedded into really large players in the advertising ecosystem. What I'm really excited about is how the pieces are very much overlapping and reinforcing. So, when we engage in supply path optimization, that brings more streamers and publishers and commerce media customers to our platform because they want access to those dollars. Commerce Media partners, they bring more streamers to us because we can overlay the Commerce data onto the streaming inventory. And then Commerce and Connect participants, they create more bids for our publishers, which generates more revenue for them. So, I think we're getting into a really interesting point here where all of these pieces are coming together and reinforcing each other.

Our next question comes from James Heaney at Jefferies. Please go ahead, James.

Great. Thank you for taking the question. Rajeev, what do you think is helping you get to critical mass in CTV? Is that due to the increased focus on your buy-side solutions? Or do you feel like the big difference is the amount of CTV supply growth that you're seeing?

Yes. I think it's a combination of a couple of things. One is technology innovation. And then the second is our SPO buyer relationships. And then the third is what I was just referencing, but all of the pieces coming together like Connect for curation and data as well as Commerce Media and Activate. So, just to kind of unpack that a little bit, we built, I think, a very significant now CTV business organically, right, over the last couple of years. So, we're excited to be at 70% of the top 30, and that creates a level of critical mass. But it's really coming through organic innovation, building all of those product capabilities. The Gen AI example that we cited earlier is a great example of how we were able to unlock really a significant volume of political ad spend through innovation. Second, of course, is supply path optimization, right? So, because of the relationships that we have with buyers, then that brings streamers to our platform. This Dentsu announcement is a great example where, as that gets going, there will be dollars flowing through Activate on our platform. And so, then streamers know that, hey, in order to access those budgets, we need to be working with PubMatic. And as we mentioned earlier, those agencies are also moving their direct buy. So, that's a single buyer, single advertiser to a single publisher's inventory. They're moving those buys to our platform as well. And then lastly, as we scale up our Connect platform for curation and data partners and we scale up Commerce Media, that just brings more and more incremental demand to our publishers, and that is not necessarily demand that they'd be able to get elsewhere. And so, I think that combination of innovation and SPO and then the other demand drivers is really what's driving streamers to lean into working with us.

Great. And then maybe just a follow-up for Steve. Can you talk about the capacity needs for the business for the rest of 2024 and 2025? Do you expect you'll need to invest incrementally in infrastructure in the near to medium term to support the next leg of growth?

Sure. We're already locked and loaded for 2024. And so that's done, and that's reflective of the CapEx that I referenced in the prepared comments. And as we look to 2025, our expectations are going to be continuing what we've seen is work very effectively. First, we look for opportunities to optimize our existing infrastructure. So, no net new CapEx. And then when we see sort of the runway for that opportunity, then we determine the incremental opportunity. And the great news is that we are really driving our CTV impressions, our omnichannel video impressions. And those carry with it a lot higher value CPMs. And so, our expectation over time is that we won't need to invest at the same level as we have historically. And there's a variety of reasons why we feel very good about the gross margin profile, but not the least of which is long-term focus on efficiency and then managing our CapEx and then always looking for optimizations. And we think those opportunities are going to just continue to be in front of us. But I do not expect sort of a major uptick in CapEx in 2025 beyond sort of the similar levels of the last year or so.

Our next question comes from Ian Peterson Evercore. Please go ahead. Ian..

Thank you for taking my questions. Two, if I may. First question, there's a pretty significant acceleration in U.S. revenue in Q3. Can you just help us unpack that a little bit further? How much of that was just a function of political contribution, easier comps or other factors such as emerging products contribution? And if emerging products contribution, can you just tell or give us some hints on which products are driving that? And secondly, related to the $7 million headwind you called out on the last earnings call related to the DSP and macro environment. Can you just remind us how much of that played out in Q3 and how to think about that headwind that's implied in the Q4 guide?

Sure. So, with respect to the first question, just unpacking our outperformance, the real driver has been CTV, very strong growth, and it's all volume-driven impressions that we sold. And so, that was the lion's share of our performance. Now as Rajeev also commented on, because we have such a significant scale and the innovation that we brought to bear in terms of the AI tool, most of the political advertising that we generated was via CTV. So, in that respect, they're both related. But number one, CTV was the key driver of outperformance. Number two, continue to see great progress with mobile app. And as you know, we recently launched a partnership with a very large mobile app company. And that gives us access to over 80,000 mobile app publishers around the world. And so, we saw a strong growth out of mobile app, over 20% growth. It was the fourth quarter in a row, delivering that kind of growth. And then we also saw some solid display results. So, across the board, we feel like all the levers were in place. And the areas that we've been investing in are really showing dividends, as I just outlined. Now in terms of just thinking through the outlook that I gave, I mean, the most important point is that, that situation has stabilized. And now we're just growing through that as evidenced by the commentary that I shared on the fourth quarter. Overall, when you adjust for apples-for-apples, the expectation is that the implied growth is over 15%. So, I'd say put the DSP change in a box, and we're going to grow through that in Q1 and Q2. But on an apples-for-apples basis, it will be comparable Q3 onwards. And the most important factor is over two-thirds of our business is growing in the mid-teens, and that's helping us manage through this change that occurred midyear.

Our next question comes from Tim Nollen at Macquarie. Please go-ahead Tim.

Hi guys. Thanks for taking the question. Rajeev, I wonder if you could elaborate a bit more on this -- your work you're doing in curation, particularly in CTV. It's not exactly a new concept, but maybe sort of newish. And you referenced it as maybe a component to your success in CTV recently. Just could you give us maybe some examples or a bit more color around what you're doing with Curation and how you're doing it differently from others?

Sure. Yes. So, we've been talking for several years now about sell-side targeting. And as you know, our Connect platform is roughly five years old now. And just for a little bit of context, right, as third-party cookies decrease in scale and privacy regulation ramps up, first-party publisher data or first-party data in general is becoming increasingly important. And that means targeting and curation will move to the sell side. And we believe that we have a leading platform in the industry for that. And just to kind of level set on the definition, we view curation as inventory packaging and selection. So, it's often aggregating the right inventory together based on a buyer's custom needs, packaging that up and then making it very easy to buy that inventory. And of course, historically, that's been done on the demand side, but now because of the reasons I mentioned, it's moving more and more to the sell side. And the reason I think we are doing so well is we have a pretty rich set of features, although there's always more to innovate and to build. We have very significant omnichannel inventory scale behind it, global as well. And so, we see that it's a significant contributor to our emerging revenue streams. And so, one of the -- Tim, the way that it works is we might add political inventory -- sorry, political data through our Connect platform onto our inventory. So, this is a pretty common practice in Q3 and October in our business. So, we would add political data and then we would package up inventory across verticals and geos. So, a particular buyer might want Pennsylvania residents in certain

Great. Can I just tag on one more related question? Do you think the really big rise in inventory of CTV ads over the last year or two contributes to more demand for curation services?

Yes, I think it does. I mean I think if we think about the growth in CTV inventory, what it's causing is sellers to evolve their playbook in terms of how they sell that inventory. So whereas, let's say, a couple of years ago, where maybe there was a lot less supply and there was a more demand focus in the market. So, there's an imbalance more demand than supply, then sellers could choose to say, okay, hey, I'm going to just sell on a one-to-one basis, right? So, my sales force is going to go out and they're going to sell the value proposition of whatever the streamers brand is. As you get to more and more supply and you have obviously the entrance of purely digital players with no legacy businesses, I'm thinking of folks here like Amazon and Netflix then that causes, I think, the typical seller to have to rethink their playbook, right? So, they might get the most premium CPM through that one-to-one deal where they're selling on the strength of their brand or the show, but then they need to fill the rest of their inventory. And so, they're going to look to sell using curation. They're going to look to sell via our CTV marketplace. They're going to build that full book of demand at different price points. And we think we have a significant role to play in doing that given the scale of the inventory on our platform from streamers, our connect capabilities, our commerce and convert capabilities and then supply path optimization.

Our next question comes from Brianna Diaz at JMP. Please go ahead.

Thank you so much for taking my question. Just one for me. With budgets increasingly moving into video, can you talk through the impact to monetization and take rates for 2025 and longer term?

Sure. I'll take the first pass. From our perspective, the trends in omnichannel video, CTV plus online video are very robust. It's an area we've been investing in for a number of years. And so, at the beginning of this year, I said that my expectations for omnichannel video was for it to grow in the double digits. And that's exactly what we're on track to do. And I do expect that to continue in 2025 and beyond. And it's because it provides what advertisers want, the right context, the right content, the right targeting. And so there's always going to be dynamics that shift in terms of supply and demand. And we are in a very advantaged position because we focus on the cost side, driving the unit cost down, very much. And then we're able to, as we invest and grow our business into video, get that marginal profitability because basically, the cost to process a video impression and a display impression is roughly the same. And so, from our perspective, wherever the pricing might go with video, we're going to be well advantaged because of the marginal profitability that delivers. And so, from -- as we look into the future, we fully expect our mix to grow in video. We hit an all-time high this past quarter at 36%. And as I had commented, that drove our gross profit, improved our average CPM. So, there's a lot of things that are going positively for video, which will be the case for the foreseeable future.

Thanks, Steve. At this time, I'm going to turn the call back over to Rajeev for closing remarks.