GLXY - NASDAQ

Good morning, and welcome to the Galaxy Digital Second Quarter 2025 Earnings Call. Today's call is being recorded. [Operator Instructions] At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Jonathan Goldowsky, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Good morning, and welcome to Galaxy's second quarter 2025 earnings call. Before we begin, please note that our remarks, including answers to your questions, may include forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those described in these statements as a result of various factors, including those identified in the disclaimers in our earnings release or other filings, which have been filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and on SEDAR+. Forward-looking statements speak only as of today and will not be updated. Additionally, we may discuss references to non-GAAP metrics, the reconciliations of which can also be found in our earnings release. Finally, none of the information on this call constitutes a recommendation, solicitation, or offer by Galaxy or its affiliates to buy or sell any securities. With that, I'll turn it over to Mike Novogratz, Founder and CEO of Galaxy.

Yes. Good morning, everyone. I don't really give a weather report, and it's pretty darn nice here in New York. Listen, this is our first earnings call after being a U.S. public-listed company, so that's exciting. Tony and Chris are going to go through the second quarter in pretty good detail. I think of these things as a little strange in that we're always looking backwards, talking about what we did. And my job is to look forward -- not just to Q3, Q4, but to 2028, 2029, 2030. And so from that perch, I couldn't be more excited. July was, by all accounts, the best month we've had at Galaxy. All our businesses are starting to fire on full cylinders. In the asset management space, this phenomenon of balance sheet companies, companies raising capital in the public markets to deploy in crypto has exploded. We've taken an approach to want to service those. And so we're partnered with over 20 of those companies between capital execution and asset management. It has probably added close to $2 billion of assets on platform, recurring income that will go on and on and hopefully grow, literally just in the last short period of time. On the trading side, on the markets business, we executed a $9-plus billion trade. It's got to be the largest or one of the largest Bitcoin trades in history. That was fun. It was fun because it yelled loud and clear that there's a group of people that really trust our brand and trust our discretion, our execution services. We did it smoothly. The market took it. It tells you how strong the market is right now. That's a tremendous amount of Bitcoin that the market absorbed. On the data center company, I told you before, I see both the data center business and the crypto business as growth businesses. We executed and bought another 1 gigawatt of potential capacity around the Helios site. That would make that a 3.5-gigawatt site, got to be one of the top 5 data centers in the world if we get that fully built out. That's exciting. We also announced CoreWeave, executed the third option, and so now that entire 800-megawatt site will be tailor-built for CoreWeave and their clients. And so again, firing on all cylinders. The Trump administration is doing some amazing things for crypto. If you haven't, I would tell everyone to look at the SEC Chair, Paul Atkins' speech on putting the U.S. financial markets and global financial markets onchain. That really is the big challenge for all crypto companies, including Galaxy. And so when I say we're building to 2028, 2029, and 2030, those kind of projects really will define us in that next decade. And so we've got a lot more to talk about. I think, next quarter we've got a lot in store, but I couldn't be more bullish. Finally and last, I want to welcome Doug Deason to our Board. Doug Deason has decades of experience across financial services, real estate, and public markets. But most importantly for me, he's a true Texan. We have a huge investment in Texas, and Texas is going to be a big part of Galaxy's future. Doug is well-connected. His family has been there a long time, and he's going to help us really navigate any potholes and opportunities down in Texas as well as in D.C. And so I couldn't be more excited. It's also nice to get someone who's a little bit older than me on the Board. And so he's now our senior spokesman. With that, I'm going to hand it over to Tony to talk about the quarter.

Great. Thanks, Mike, and thanks, everyone, for joining the call today. As Mike mentioned, Q2 was a pivotal quarter for Galaxy, and Q3 is already off to an exciting start, which Chris and I will touch on in a little bit more detail in a few minutes. During Q2, we completed our domestication and reorganization in the U.S., we listed on the NASDAQ, we raised nearly $500 million in common equity capital, and saw continued progress on building out our operating businesses across Digital Assets and Data Centers. From a financial perspective, we made strong progress across the business in the second quarter, generating $299 million in adjusted gross profit and saw a healthy increase in our capital and overall balance sheet. In our operating segments, Digital Assets delivered $71 million in adjusted gross profit, up 10% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting continued momentum across the core operating units. Treasury & Corporate generated $228 million in adjusted gross profit, driven primarily by mark-to-market gains on the digital assets and investment positions held on our balance sheet. As a reminder, in the Data Center segment, we do not expect to report financial results until Q1 of 2026 when we begin recognizing revenue from CoreWeave under Phase 1 of our lease agreement. Until then, all expenditures are being capitalized as they directly support the preparation of the facility for operational readiness. Also, beginning this quarter, we're introducing a new profitability metric called adjusted EBITDA. We believe this offers a clearer representation of the business performance in our operating segments going forward. As a reminder, adjusted EBITDA is a non- GAAP measure and should be thought of as complementary, not a replacement of, our GAAP financial metrics. A reconciliation to GAAP net income is available in our earnings release. For Q2, firmwide adjusted EBITDA came in at $211 million. Our total operating expenses, excluding grossed-up transaction costs and digital asset impairments, were $133 million in Q2. And in Q2 we recorded a negative mark-to-market adjustment of $125 million on the embedded derivative associated with our exchangeable notes, which was driven by Galaxy's second-quarter stock price performance up until the date of our reorganization in mid-May. With the successful reorganization and consolidation of our reporting structure, Q2 will be the last quarter that we will be impacted by this mark-to-market adjustment. Our Q2 GAAP net income was $31 million, which included this mark-to-market adjustment, and Q2 GAAP operating income was $166 million. Turning to the balance sheet. We ended the quarter with $2.6 billion in equity capital, up more than $700 million quarter-over- quarter. This increase was driven by the primary capital raise in May, which generated approximately $480 million in net proceeds, appreciation in our digital assets and balance sheet investments, and a onetime increase of $292 million in equity capital due to the consolidation of our corporate structure as part of the reorganization. In accordance with accounting treatment for reverse acquisitions, this $292 million had no impact on net income or adjusted EBITDA during the quarter but instead was credited directly to equity capital. Cash and stablecoins remained relatively flat at $1.2 billion, with cash proceeds from the May equity raise being used to help fund CapEx related to our Helios data center buildout as well as continuing to grow our balance sheet and digital assets. We ended Q2 with approximately $2 billion in net digital assets and investments on our balance sheet. As we move forward, we will continue to run our balance sheet with fortress-like principles, managing risk with discipline and ensuring we have enough capital, liquidity, and access to financial resources as we continue on a growth agenda across both Digital Assets and Data Centers. Now turning to our operating business results, starting with Digital Assets. Our Global Markets business generated $55 million of adjusted gross profit in the quarter, up from $43 million in Q1. While industrywide spot crypto trading volumes declined by approximately 30% from Q1, our crypto trading volumes were down 20%, and the business was able to capitalize on market dislocations and outperform the overall market. We continue to see increased engagement from traditional financial institutions, and today we are tracking one of the strongest institutional onboarding pipelines we have seen to date. On the lending side, our average loan book balance exceeded $1 billion for the first time, passing an important growth milestone, and we ended the quarter with roughly $1.4 billion in total loans outstanding. From a net interest margin perspective, we saw modest compression during the quarter, and coupled with a mix shift towards lower-margin lending products, our overall lending revenue was down slightly quarter-over-quarter. And in advisory, Robinhood's acquisition of Bitstamp officially closed, which Galaxy served as the exclusive adviser to Bitstamp on this transaction. Now turning to Asset Management & Infrastructure Solutions. We ended the quarter with nearly $9 billion in total assets under management and assets under stake, reflecting market appreciation and organic growth in our asset management business. This business generated $16 million in adjusted gross profit, down $6 million from Q1, driven by more muted revenue on the staking side, which I'll speak to in just a minute. Asset Management saw approximately $175 million of net inflows this quarter, driven by our Ventures Fund and Treasury Management Solutions, partially offset by certain ETF net outflows amid the market volatility early in the quarter. On the venture side, we announced the final close of Galaxy Ventures Fund with $178 million, which will be focused on early-stage companies building the infrastructure and applications powering the onchain economy. The fund exceeded its original target size and has already deployed roughly $70 million, with several investments supporting the growth of stablecoin adoption and tokenization. In Infrastructure Solutions, our assets under stake increased by more than 30% to $3.1 billion in Q2. However, this aggregate staking revenue declined in the second quarter amid a notable drop in onchain activity across the major protocol ecosystems we support. The slowdown in activity was especially pronounced on the Solana network in Q2, where Galaxy is one of the largest infrastructure providers by stake weight. From a distribution standpoint, we announced our integration with Fireblocks in Q2. Galaxy staking services are now natively accessible to more than 2,000 of the world's largest financial institutions, making secure, scalable staking available directly through a trusted custody framework. This was the third major integration in 2025 and reflects our continued focus on partner integrations to broaden access, expand distribution, and open new channels for our customers, helping to drive organic growth in our assets on platform. More broadly, as regulatory clarity improves and institutional infrastructure matures, we're seeing a clear uptick in companies of all sizes looking to engage in the digital asset ecosystem. One of these areas, as Mike mentioned, is the digital asset treasury companies. The recent pickup in activity in this space represents a cross-platform opportunity for Galaxy, drawing on the strength of our trading, asset management, advisory, and staking businesses to deliver integrated end-to-end solutions. Since kicking off our work with digital asset treasury companies, we've evaluated more than 100 different management opportunities. And as Mike mentioned, we are actively supporting over 20 of the most prominent players, providing them with capital, infrastructure, asset management, and trading services. These companies are coming to Galaxy because we are a trusted brand and because they see the value of working with a partner that is built for scale. This has begun to play out in our results, with more than $1.5 billion in assets brought on platform and over $2 billion in notional volumes traded since the first quarter of this year. We are focused on long-term strategic relationships to serve clients, help drive thoughtful innovation in the industry, and generate high-quality and sustainable business for Galaxy. Additionally, last week, AllUnity formally launched their euro stablecoin to the market. As a reminder, this project has been developed in partnership with DWS and Flow Traders and helps position Galaxy to capitalize on this increasingly important segment of the overall digital asset market. Stepping back, we believe we're at a pivotal moment in the evolution of capital markets. With the passage of the GENIUS Act and hopefully more legislation coming, we are seeing real integration between traditional finance and onchain infrastructure. As this convergence accelerates, clients will need unified platforms to access, deploy and optimize their assets across both environments, which will create entirely new market opportunities. At Galaxy, we're continuing to invest in the technology, research, and product innovation to bridge onchain and offchain ecosystems, and you will continue to see us add products, services and new capabilities in the quarters to come. Before I turn it over to Chris, I want to touch on a quick Q3 update. As Mike mentioned, digital asset prices continued their upward momentum to start the quarter, with Bitcoin reaching new all-time highs in July and Ether and Solana posting strong gains in the last few weeks. July marked the strongest monthly performance for our Digital Asset operating business in the firm's history. And as Mike mentioned, we completed the sale of over 80,000 Bitcoin on behalf of a client representing one of the largest notional Bitcoin transactions in history. In Asset Management, we saw strong net inflows and organic growth in staking assets during July and importantly in Data Centers, CoreWeave has exercised its final option on Phase 3 at our Helios campus, and we recently signed a purchase agreement to acquire 160 acres of adjacent land, which could provide an additional 1 gigawatt of increased power capacity at Helios in the future. With that, let me turn it over to Chris.

Thanks, Tony. Focusing on our data center business. I'm pleased to announce that subsequent to quarter end, we expanded our partnership with CoreWeave, who exercised its final option to access an additional 133 megawatts of critical IT load for its AI and HPC operations at our Helios data center campus. With this expansion, CoreWeave has now committed to the full 800 megawatts of gross power currently approved for at Helios. This additional capacity will be structured on terms similar to those outlined for both Phases 1 and 2. Throughout the second quarter, the team was laser-focused on execution as we continue transforming the Helios campus into a world-class AI and HPC campus. We're now squarely in the build phase, and I couldn't be more pleased with the pace and precision we're delivering at the site level. From a construction perspective, we have made meaningful progress in retrofitting the existing building and campus. The interior Phase 1 building has been fully demolished in preparation for the buildout of the data center, including the removal of legacy infrastructure, including immersion cooling systems and the former Bitcoin mining machines. We are finalizing an agreement to sell over half of our legacy Bitcoin mining machines, and that sale is expected to close by the end of Q3. For the remaining machines, we have now signed a new hosting agreement. Upon energization with our new hosting provider, beginning in late 2025 and into the first half of 2026, and combined with our East Texas Bitcoin mining site, we anticipate a total mining capacity of approximately 1.8 exahash per second. At today's Bitcoin prices and network difficulty, we expect our mining operations to generate more than $30 million in annual revenue and be an EBITDA positive contributor to the business. At the Helios campus, we're working to complete the earthwork and concrete foundations for our new electrical, mechanical and backup generator infrastructure. The backup generators are scheduled to be delivered throughout the second half of this year and into Q1 2026, keeping us on track for energization. These backup generators are a key part of our electrical infrastructure and are designed to provide full backup power for all critical mechanical systems for the data center. On the electrical front, we've taken a modular approach to accelerate the deployment and commissioning of the systems by prefabricating electrical houses offsite. These electrical houses, or e-houses, are self-contained units that house switchboards, UPS systems, batteries, transformers and other distribution gear. These are being assembled offsite at multiple fabrication facilities. The first units are expected to ship later this month to the Helios campus for installation and integration with the onsite electrical infrastructure. Our chillers begin arriving this month and will continue into Q4. These chillers will operate as part of our broader mechanical cooling infrastructure, providing chilled water to cool the GPUs. Together with our coolant distribution units, the chillers provide a next-generation cooling solution for critical AI infrastructure. In order to bring all these components together and execute the build, we are partnering with Clayco as our general contractor, operating under a construction management scope for the Phase 1 project. Clayco brings deep expertise in mission-critical infrastructure and a strong track record that includes more than $12.7 billion in advanced technology projects. Clayco's expertise gives us high conviction in their ability to deliver large, complex infrastructure projects requiring tight coordination on aggressive time lines, which is exactly what we're building at the Helios campus. They have a team of over 100 subcontractors and trade partners who are boots on the ground at Helios now as we speak, driving progress forward. The combination of earthwork, electrical and mechanical contractors are coming together as planned, and we remain confident in our ability to hit key delivery and construction milestones in the second half of 2025 and first half of 2026. This keeps us firmly on track to deliver the 133 megawatts of critical IT capacity for Phase 1 in various tranches throughout the first half of 2026, aligned with CoreWeave's deployment time line. With Phase 1 advancing towards energization, we're preparing to seamlessly transition into Phase 2 construction. Let's shift to capital and financing where we've made equally important progress. We are in the very final stages of securing Phase 1 project level debt financing. Project level debt financing agreements for large-scale data center developments are inherently complex, requiring extensive due diligence, bespoke structuring, and lengthy negotiation processes. As such, these transactions often take considerable time to finalize, even when counterparties are highly engaged. That said, based on the strength of the asset and the structure we've developed, we believe we're well positioned to close this financing imminently. As a reminder, the equity portion of Phase 1 has already been funded through our existing equity capital. Once we have secured the project level debt financing, we will have the capital necessary to fund the anticipated CapEx for Phase 1 of approximately $11 million to $13 million per megawatt. For Phase 2, we are still finalizing the design and engineering specifications, but expect the total project CapEx to be slightly higher than the Phase 1 on a per-megawatt basis. We have already commenced work on project level debt financing for the Phase 2 project. Throughout the Phase 1 financing processes, we've established strong relationships with a wide range of banks and private credit managers who are active in the space, and I have confidence in our ability to secure debt financing for Phase 2 in the coming months. On the equity side, we are exploring supplementing our parent company equity with project-level equity financing, particularly from infrastructure-focused and private equity style funds that are actively seeking exposure to AI and HPC data center projects. As always, our approach to capital is opportunistic and disciplined. Once these projects are stabilized and generating revenue, we'll look to refinance at lower cost of capital. This opportunity is expected to unlock committed equity, allowing us to recycle capital into future buildouts while keeping our capital stack nimble and optimized for growth. Finally, shifting to power. We developed a healthy origination pipeline focused on land, powered land, powered shells, and build- to-suit data centers. This pipeline remains a critical part of how we scale in a disciplined and capital-efficient way. Since last quarter, we've narrowed our pipeline from over 40 sites to a select set of high-quality opportunities, rigorously evaluated based on development stage, power capacity, and energization time lines. We are highly selective when it comes to powered land, ensuring that any project we pursue meaningfully expands our data center footprint and advances our position as a multiasset owner and developer. We've already begun to execute on our growth objectives. Subsequent to quarter end, we entered into a definitive purchase and sale agreement to acquire 160 acres and 1 gigawatt load interconnection request adjacent to the Helios campus. At the close of this land acquisition, we will have expanded the Helios campus to over 1,500 acres of contiguous land under Galaxy's direct control, and we'll have increased our total potential power capacity at the Helios campus to 3.5 gigawatts, giving it the potential to become one of the largest AI data center campuses in the world. It also provides us with an important plot of land adjacent to what will be 2 of the largest switching stations in Texas, strengthening our long- term presence in the region. With 2.7 gigawatts of total power capacity now under various stages of study, we're working very closely with ERCOT, AEP, WETT, and other stakeholders to finalize studies and approvals. The load interconnection process for the original 1.7 gigawatts we submitted in 2024 has taken longer than initially anticipated, largely due to ERCOT's efforts to clean up a backlog of speculative and inactive projects that have congested the load interconnection queue. As a result, ERCOT and the transmission utility companies are applying greater scrutiny to new load interconnection requests to ensure that near-term development is anchored in real execution. From our perspective, that's a positive shift and one that ultimately benefits well-capitalized, credible developers like Galaxy. We expect to have clear visibility in the back half of this year. We have also been actively building out our data center team, hiring key talent with deep industry expertise, including engineering and construction team members with experience at leading hyperscalers like Microsoft and Meta. We're full speed ahead on Phase 1, with construction advancing in line with our delivery schedule. Phase 2 is ramping, with both infrastructure planning, lease finalization, and capital formation progressing well. And we'll share more on Phase 3 as decisions take shape. I'm incredibly encouraged by the momentum this team has built. We've made real progress this quarter, and we're going to stay focused, disciplined, and execution-driven as we enter into the second half of this year. Now back to the operator for questions. Thank you.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from James Yaro at Goldman Sachs.

I was hoping you might be able to touch a little bit on the outlook for growth of non-U.S. dollar stablecoins. Obviously, there's been quite limited non-U.S. dollar stablecoin growth so far, and a material portion of the U.S. dollar stablecoins are as customers want access to dollars. Do you expect these non-U.S. dollar stablecoins to resemble the size of the dollar ones, and perhaps why?

In the short run, no. Most stablecoins right now are used for liquidity in markets, and that is still mostly denominated in dollars. But over time, I think you're going to see the euro stablecoin and other stablecoins from separate countries pick up as digital currencies start replacing traditional currencies, and the FX market moves to a more digital place. That's going to also happen with payments, European payments, when AI takes off and the agents are starting to spend money. And so I would guess in the short run, no, they're not going to be nearly as big, but I think long-term potential is really great.

That's really helpful. And then maybe just turning to the data centers. We've seen tightening credit spreads over the past few months. Maybe just any update on the expected financing cost range for the project debt for Phases 1 and 2?

Yes. James, so I think our expectation on where we land on Phase 1 is in line with what we've articulated in the past. It will come out at a sub-10% stream rate. But when you take into account upfront fees and potential breakage, depending on when you assume we'd have a refinancing event or not, we'll likely end up in the 10% to 11% expected yield in terms of cost of capital, even as credit spreads are tightening in real time. These are negotiated deals that have been going on for months. And so we look to that as the expected direction of travel once we look at a stabilized project for takeout. On the Phase 2 side, we're pretty preliminary there. It will be interesting. I think our expectation is that we're a young company doing this. And as we produce results, i.e., as we sign leases, as we get financings closed, and we start building, then we sort of earn the right to achieve larger financings at lower cost. And so our goal on Phase 2 is going to be sort of twofold: one, it's for sure going to be a larger project. And so just getting that financed, I think, is the primary goal; but also the profile of our company, both now as a U.S. public company, larger equity capital base, clear line of sight to delivering stabilization on Phase 1, our expectation is that should lead lenders to also give us positive treatment on that front.

The next question comes from Patrick Moley with Piper Sandler.

I was hoping you could just update us on your just general conversations with hyperscalers and other AI-adjacent companies. It seems like with the decision to expand the footprint at Helios, those conversations must be going pretty well. Demand seems like it remains strong across the board, but any color that you can give on how those conversations have been going would be great.

I'll start. So the most recent announcement, which we put out with regards to CoreWeave executing the third option, I think, is the most important sign. They signaled their intent from the beginning to ultimately be the single build-to-suit tenant for our existing 800 megawatts. They had the option to step into that relationship basically over the past year. And this final execution, I think, just crystallizes, at least from their end, the opportunities that they're seeing with their clients in terms of -- on the demand side. With other hyperscalers, obviously, we're not continuing to acquire a pipeline of potential energy for no reason. I think our partnership with CoreWeave is going to take up the vast majority of our attention over the next few years. That being said, the other hyperscalers out there are equally committed to growing. I think if you see in their guidance and their numbers on the CapEx perspective, they've all not only reiterated their expected CapEx budgets, but actually have started to increase them as well. And so I think what you're seeing publicly in terms of their announcements is very consistent with the conversations that we're having with them. And so the other thing we are seeing, which is what we expected to see, which was all of those potential clients focused on power when we started this journey over a year ago was on near-term power 2026, 2027 deliveries. And as time ticks on, their interest in power deliveries that are now '27, '28, '29, they've just rolled that interest forward. And so I think we're seeing continued demand extending through out years now, which fits nicely with basically the asset and the energy capacity that we're accruing in Texas.

Okay. That's great color. And then just as a follow-up, switching over to the digital asset business. You mentioned the strong institutional client pipeline and called out some of the Bitcoin treasury companies that you're working with. Could you maybe just talk a little bit about traditional financial firms, asset managers, hedge funds, how that base of clients has looked? Are you seeing a big uptick there? And how are these potential new customers are engaging you on the traditional finance side?

Well, I think one -- you can answer it from a few different angles. One angle we're seeing is that almost every TradFi company is preparing or starting to prepare for a world where things move from accounts to wallets, where stocks, equities are tokenized, where funds are tokenized, where stablecoins become a much bigger part of payment systems. And so on the infrastructure side, we're engaged in lots of conversations with both asset managers and banks. On the sales and trading side, we have TradFi hedge funds that are far more comfortable in crypto than they were 2 years ago. And so Bitcoin has become just a macro asset for most hedge funds. It's not a big deal to either buy it or sell it anymore, where it used to be huge hurdles of approval. They still feel more comfortable in equities than crypto. And so you're seeing a lot of action in ETFs and these balance sheet companies. That will change in time. Some of that is financing, right? The ETFs are easier to finance than, say, prime brokers. But I think you're going to see kind of a merger of both onchain crypto and TradFi stuff over the next few years.

Our next question comes from Brett Knoblauch with Cantor Fitzgerald.

This is Thomas Shinske on for Brett. Just one for me. I guess, regarding the recent sale of over 80,000 Bitcoin on behalf of a Satoshi era client. I guess, can you just share any insight into how Galaxy was selected for this mandate? Was there a formal RFP process? And what do you think differentiated Galaxy from other potential counterparties for this client looking to offload his Bitcoin?

As a start, one of the reasons we got that trade and many others is that we are really religious about not speaking about why clients do things or their motivations. I would say we've worked really hard since really 2016, 2017, even pre-Galaxy at building up a network of people that care about this community. And this was our relationships that have gone back many years now of just building trust. And in lots of ways, as much as this is a digital platform technology, there's still a whole lot of hand-to-hand combat in trust. And we do that every single day, and we hammer it into our employees that that's all we have, right? And so I think that maybe doesn't answer exactly what you want, but that's the answer I'm going to give you.

The next question comes from Greg Lewis with BTIG.

I was hoping you could talk a little bit more. You mentioned in Q2 about the slowdown in activity on the Solana Layer 1. I'm curious at a high level, maybe what was driving that. And then as we look at July, it seems like a lot of things are improving in terms of activity along the crypto ecosystem. I'm curious what you're seeing on the Solana network in July, if you're able to comment on that at this point.

Yes, sure. Greg, I'll start. Yes, I think what we saw pretty much through the first half of this year was coming off of a pretty aggressive localized volume on Solana for things like memecoin launches and things like that. And so really, Q2 was more of the same after that activity in prior quarters in the prior year had slowed down and leveled off. I could tell you that Solana, as well as some of the other non-Bitcoin Layer 1s, the teams all around those ecosystems, whether it's the foundations or app builders and things like that, who are committed to those networks, are pretty aggressively focused on how do we now build functionality so that onchain volumes are not flash-in-the-pan memecoin-type volumes and instead are enduring volumes tied to support things like stablecoin payments and money movements, actual consumer apps and things like that. So that takes time to layer into the Layer 1s, no pun intended, and actually have working technology. But that is the focus of the industry now is bringing durable, growing volumes onchain. Just where we're at now is at least on Solana specifically was a kink following a pretty aggressive onchain volume run-up from memecoins.

Okay, great. And then my other question is around these treasury strategies. I mean, clearly, Galaxy is working hard. You called out the 20 customers that you brought on. As you think of the revenue lifecycle of that opportunity for Galaxy, obviously, the initial acquisitions of the cryptocurrencies is important and a revenue driver. But then, could you talk a little bit beyond once they're, I guess, on the platform, how we're thinking about those other opportunities in terms of the asset management and the staking and potentially the lending, how you think that kind of plays out in terms of a revenue opportunity?

Sure. So there's an asset management fee that we're getting in most of these for managing the assets, which roughly is about 1%. There is a staking opportunity in most of these, not the Bitcoin versions, of course, but the non-Bitcoin versions. And so our assets under stake are going up, and there's, of course, staking revenue that comes with that. And the push for all of these companies is going to be to say, hey, we can do something that an ETF doesn't do to drive extra return. And so you're going to see lending, you're going to see onchain activity. And there's, in essence, a race to create the most value, right? Again, Michael Saylor pioneered this idea, and he was able to create value in MicroStrategy by being first in providing access to Bitcoin when a lot of people didn't have that access and created this almost machine and hasn't had to do much more than just buy the Bitcoin and provide leverage. And he's doing it with all kinds of different preferred structures, at first converts, now preferred equity, preferred debt. I think you're going to see the other companies have to go one step further, and we're seeing that. And those are the services we're trying to provide.

Yes. And the only thing I'll add, if I may, Mike, is I think it's important that -- so our relationship with these companies spans the capital creation, as Mike said, on the way in as well as the ongoing management of the assets in the companies. In a lot of cases, those are actually being done under multiyear contracts. And then if you think about the vehicles, what's different about these vehicles is they're really closed-end perpetual vehicles. And so our goal is to do a really good job to help the management teams and the shareholders of these companies make sure they have hardened infrastructure, that they're managing their assets well, that they're growing their asset base in the underlying currency as most efficiently as they can. And that should set us up for having basically a perpetual relationship with them because these vehicles don't have redemption, they're not ETFs. And so once the capital is in, it's there forever. And so it's just our job to do a great job forever.

The next question comes from Chris Brendler with Rosenblatt Securities.

Congratulations on the results and also appreciate the additional disclosure. I'm on a train right now, so I'm going to ask my 2-part question all at once. The first question is on the data center business and how much you want to lean into this business. We're already building the pipeline up to 28 now, but I know you're actively looking for additional sites. You're expanding Helios but also looking for additional sites. Is there a plan to potentially add a lot more capacity before the end of the decade? Or is this going to be more methodical so that future growth will be 2029, 2030, that kind of thing? And then second part of the question is, how big do you want this data center business to be? It's kind of a different business than the digital assets business, and your updated thoughts on separating the 2 at some point would be great.

Chris. I'll take at least the first part, and I think Mike will chime in as well long-term strategically for us. The answer to your question today is definitely door #2, which is methodical growth. And that's for a couple of reasons, right? One, the industry is relatively nascent, and people's expectations long-term around demand are forming. Obviously, they're forming across the board at the biggest companies in the world in tens to hundreds of billions of dollars in terms of notional, and so it's one of the biggest commitments to a new growth industry that I think the world has ever seen. But it's still pretty nascent. And then there's also a practical component, which is, these are very large-scale, long-term development projects that take a lot of capital. And so our ability to grow into the opportunity is wholly dependent on 2 things: one, us executing excellently; but then also two, growing and getting bigger as a company so that we can actually support the growth, meaning like it would be totally imprudent for us to now take on in parallel, for example, like another $10 billion build, because that requires a capital base and the attention and resources that we're just not built out for today. So I think the idea is to methodically build a base of really high-quality assets and high recurring revenue, which then allows us to then accelerate growth from there as we see the opportunity to develop. So that's the way we're approaching it. Yes, in terms of how [ large we're ] today.

In terms of -- we have 2 businesses under one roof. There are a lot of great companies with multiple businesses under one roof. I think of Amazon with a retail business, an entertainment business, and a cloud business. We're going to keep them under one roof for a while. And as long as 1 plus 1 equals more than 2, we'll probably keep this setup. If the markets at one point tell us, hey, you're going to get more value by splitting them, then we're pretty rational guys. I do think, to highlight what Chris said, this next 12 months is really important because we go from putting out a lot of money to having an asset that starts spitting out cash. And once 12 months from now, 24 months from now, Helios becomes a big cash generator for us, it allows a lot more flexibility in how we deploy capital. Right now, in some ways, we're sharing capital because while the leases are mostly underwritten -- I'm sorry, the financing is mostly underwritten by this wonderful lease, there's still a parent guarantee and parent equity requirements. And so we're having the best of both worlds in lots of ways, and we're going to kind of run that until we think there's a more accretable path forward.

Our next question comes from Jon Petersen with Jefferies.

Maybe just to come back to stick with data centers, and I'm curious for more commentary on hyperscalers. I know you talked about it earlier, but I'm curious what hurdles you think that Galaxy might still need to cross to convince hyperscalers to sign a deal with Galaxy. Are they waiting to see a finished product with the CoreWeave data centers? Or is it more about proving that you have funding capacity or something else?

Yes. Jon, so yes, I think, practically speaking, the other hyperscalers evaluating Galaxy as a partner, the reality was is that we dedicated our first 800 megawatts of available capacity to CoreWeave. And so I do think it is true that the bigger, more established hyperscaler companies do care a whole lot about who their counterparties are, have they built data centers for the last 10 years, what's their track record, et cetera, which, of course, up until now, we haven't had. And so I do think that they will care about it. But we also -- once we made the decision to partner with CoreWeave, we really didn't have anything to sell them, to be totally candid. So I think it's been less about us being evaluated as a new upstart from a data center development perspective, and more about just literal practical availability. So I think, the setup for us was, let's partner with CoreWeave, let's execute on our existing 800-megawatt project, which is a very large project and is going to span multiple years. And along the way, let's make sure we build up a pipeline of additional capacity that we are going to get approved for over time. And as that capacity comes on, we'll have demonstrated our ability to deliver and check that box off for the hyperscalers. So slightly different characterization than I think that you would think, but that's been the reality.

Yes, that's really helpful. Would you say, I guess, when we -- I know we're thinking ahead past the 800 megawatts, but would it be a priority to diversify and bring in a different customer? Or are you comfortable with building solely for CoreWeave?

Yes. I think that we've definitely gotten comfortable taking on pretty significant exposure to CoreWeave relative to the size of our business. I think that can't be debated based on the size of the mandate that we committed to them. On a go-forward basis, I think it would be natural for anyone who had an opportunity in front of them to build a portfolio of data centers to think about diversification in terms of end client, in terms of regional geography, et cetera. I think generally speaking, from a real estate or portfolio perspective, that kind of diversification usually leads to premium valuation, usually leads to ability to finance things more effectively. And so that's definitely on our long-term road map. I don't want to undersell, though, a, how good a partner CoreWeave has been; and b, as their business grows and they're successful, and their success grows and their credit quality improves, which would be our expectation over time, that it certainly doesn't preclude us from wanting to continue to do business with them as a result. So we're going to keep an eye on it. I think it would be natural for all businesses to think about broader diversification to build the best and most durable business over time. So we're definitely going to look at that.

The next question comes from Matthew Galinko at Maxim Group.

I guess going back to the treasury companies, I'm curious if you can maybe talk about the competitive environment and the process of building those relationships and winning them. And if you have a pulse on maybe what we should expect to see in second half of '25 and into 2026 as far as maybe new players coming into the treasury space and how -- I don't know if you could offer a number, like what percentage you feel like you're touching before they're announcing and engaging, or how you feel about the outreach and getting to them before they commit to anybody else.

Yes. Listen, we are seeing a tremendous amount of opportunities. It will slow -- at one point, the market gets saturated. Most of them are offering similar product. And so you'll see them in different tokens or different mixes of tokens. But I think we've probably gone through peak treasury company issuance of new companies. What will be most interesting is which of the existing companies become monsters, right? I mean you think about the impact that MicroStrategy has had on the entire Bitcoin ecosystem, it's probably the single most important player in the Bitcoin ecosystem. It's bought the most coins. It's, because of that, has this huge marketing piece to it. We've seen that in Ethereum. There are 2 leaders and a few coming up that all of a sudden Ethereum from having 0 treasury companies 8 weeks ago, 10 weeks ago, now the biggest buyers of ETH are SharpLink, which is Joe Lubin's company, where we're participating, and Tom Lee's company. And so I think you're going to continue to see those companies grow. And I think the new companies in those ecosystems will have a harder time getting oxygen, but there'll be new companies and new ecosystems as we go forward. What I think we learned in this, and it's a great lesson for me, was how much bigger the equity market investor base is than the traditional crypto market investor base. And so if you think about from the very start as a Bitcoin proselytizer, you're trying to bring people into the tent, right? The job was to orange-pill people and explain how this worked and bring them into the community. These treasury companies have done an amazing job of bringing people into the crypto tent. And I think they're going to continue to play a pretty important part.

The next question comes from Edward Engel with Compass Point.

Just wanted to follow up on some of the digital asset treasury companies. I do see Galaxy has been on some of the pipe deals for some of these. I'm just wondering, are these meaningful investments from your balance sheet or just smaller contributions just to invest alongside some of your clients?

Ed, yes, I think generally speaking, these are relatively small investments for us. Our primary focus has been how can we put our franchise forward and partner with people who actually value our franchise and the skills and the experience we bring to the table to help them make their company better rather than I'll characterize it as buying your way in. So we definitely write checks. We do that generally in the general course of business through a lot of different sleeves at Galaxy, through our ventures funds, our opportunistic [ pocket ] of capital. But our commitment from a capital perspective on these is really one of support with our business and reputation and services very much front and center as the goal.

Great. And then just to squeeze one more in. For the additional capacity that you're purchasing adjacent to Helios, I'm curious just if the time line of that for ERCOT approval is any different than your existing pipeline.

Yes. So I would think about the additional 1 gigawatt of interconnect request at the land we are acquiring to be somewhat on par with our existing 1.7 gigawatts in the backlog. And so think about 1.7 gigawatts going to 2.7 gigawatts in terms of time line. To be a little more specific, this new property interconnect is largely focused on the new pitchfork switching station that's being built and delivered. And so our existing 1.7 gigawatts effectively was parsed between our existing time line into the Cottonwood switching station, which has up to 1.6 gigawatts today approved, which would be an incremental 800 megawatts from what we already have. And so this sort of layers into the new CapEx project that's already been approved and is in flight in ERCOT for the new switching station, which now we own a significant amount of land all surrounding that new project.

Our next question comes from Devin Ryan with Citizens.

I just want to come back to the theme of tokenization and as we get closer to [indiscernible], for clarity, would be great just getting an update on how you see Galaxy as a player [indiscernible] onchain. Essentially, do you think of yourself as helping product manufacturers tokenize assets, raise primary capital? Do you have interest in providing traditional assets like tokenized stocks and bonds? And really just do you want to think about where you want to play? Are there areas where you don't want to participate there? And then just what are the resources you need to add to get where you want to be?

Yes, that's the $64,000 question for where crypto is going. And I think everybody in this industry, including Galaxy, is trying to figure out where we best -- what role we best play. Listen, we have a tokenization engine. We have a wallet business in GK8. We are doing a lot of staking. And so we put that together as an infrastructure package, and we're going to certainly look to be part of the solution for people on infrastructure. It's unclear where these are going to trade still. We will certainly be trading once they're trading and debating, do you team up with people to be part of that exchange or platform. But it hasn't. The road map is not necessarily written there yet. Some of that is -- a lot of that is regulatory. And so if we tokenize Apple stock, for instance, where is the liquidity of that going to exist. And so, yes, there's not a great answer yet, other than we're hyper-focused on it. We do think more -- listen, the head of the SEC said we're going to try to move things onchain, and building that backbone and muscle is really important.

Got it. And just a quick follow-up, maybe shorter term, just the outlook for the investment banking team [indiscernible], obviously, companies coming public here, there's a lot of M&A, and I think seems like a lot more M&A is in the space. So just it's not necessarily a core driver, but can drive [ confidence ] from quarter-to-quarter. So just any sense of, like the opportunity from here and any way you can frame maybe the incremental revenues that you see from that.

Yes. So on the investment banking side, I would say, where we've really shined over the years is focusing on boutique M&A opportunities where our expertise on both the buy and the sell side, specifically to crypto companies, where they sit in the ecosystem, what their value add is, really shines. That pipeline is the highest quality and largest in terms of dollar numbers and live transactions than we've ever seen before. And what's important about it is historically, if you remember, we had a pipeline in that business that was pretty large, and there were some really chunky, very large transactions in there. Now we have numerous 9-figure M&A proposed transactions that we're pursuing all at once. And so we have higher number and a lot broader and durable pipeline of opportunities. They're all very high-quality companies that will very likely get bought and sold. And so that part of the business, we're actually pretty excited about. Given the size of that market and those opportunities relative to the rest of our business, for the foreseeable near term, it's going to be a relatively smaller contributor, but nonetheless, an important growing one that's important to not just the earnings of the business but also the knowledge base and continuing to build our reputation as being one of the smartest players in the space. So that's what we're most excited about there. What the team is also focused on outside of that, which are really near-term deals we are transacting in is a little bit of what Mike said, which was investing in talent, some licensure around traditional broker-dealer abilities and thinking about what an onchain capital markets business would look like. I think what we knew all along was we're unlikely to be smart to compete against the large banks for traditional capital markets deals. But I'm not sure that we agree that, that should be applied to the new onchain economy that's growing. And so we are investing in early stages and thinking about our strategy around capital raising onchain, whether that be in security token form or nonsecurity other token form depending on where market structure comes out. And so that's our R&D phase today right now.

The next question comes from Joseph Vafi with Canaccord.

Great progress on everything. A lot of questions have been answered or asked. So I'll just ask a quick one. Just really curious on this $9 billion notional trade. It feels like the market absorbed that trade really well. So, a, congratulations on that execution. But just kind of peeling the layer of the onion off, the mechanics of it. Were you surprised to see that trade? It felt like the Bitcoin market only dropped a very small amount on such a large trade. So just any color on the mechanics and demand you saw for that block.

Yes. I'll give you some public info. You can -- just because Michael Saylor puts out what he buys each week, call it grace, call it luck, call it fortune, call it timing, a combination of all the -- but the execution happened when there was a tremendous amount of buying and that buying is coming mostly from these balance sheet companies, not just Michael Saylors, but Truth Social, the Trump version, lots of them happen to be buying in that same -- in that public information. And so supply met demand or demand met supply. And we continue to see big buying of crypto from balance sheet companies. The Ethereum companies are buying a couple of hundred million dollars each a week, at least. And so I think as long as that continues, crypto prices are going to look pretty good. Now there's a backdrop that this all happens in, right? We've got -- the economy finally showed a big drop in jobs and the revisions to jobs last Friday. We're now pricing 80% chance of a cut in September. The President is becoming more and more vocal about a new Fed chief. And he fundamentally believes Chairman Powell is making mistake not having cut rates sooner. But when the executive gets involved with the Central Bank and fires the head of the BLS, all of that plays into the Bitcoin narrative, plays into, oh heck, we're going to have to inflate our way out of this giant debt trap. And so the macro story for Bitcoin and crypto is increasing, not decreasing. And so I think you're going to continue to see decent demand for people wanting Bitcoin as part of their portfolio.

Ladies and gentlemen, in the interest of time, this concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Mike Novogratz, Founder and CEO of Galaxy, for any closing remarks.

Guys, thanks a ton. We do notice that we have more demand than spots for the conference call, for the earnings call. And you can call that a rookie mistake. It's our first U.S. listed earnings call. We promise next time we won't make that mistake. We are working hard. We're excited over here. I said that earlier, July was the best month we've had. There is a tremendous amount that we didn't talk about happening here. We have 615 employees that are coming to work with big smiles every day. And I bet you by the time we speak to you next time, that number is bigger. Anyway, thanks a lot, and look forward to talking to you next quarter.