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Thank you for joining. My name is Danica. I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Bumble Third Quarter 2023 Financial Results Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]. I would now like to turn the call over to Cherryl Valenzuela, VP of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

[Technical Difficulty] quarter financial results. With me today are Whitney Wolfe Herd, Founder and CEO; and Anu Subramanian, CFO of Bumble. Before we begin, I'd like to remind everyone that certain statements made on this call today are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and reflect our current expectations based on our beliefs, assumptions and information currently available to us. Although we believe these expectations are reasonable, we undertake no obligation to revise any statement to reflect changes that occur after this call. Descriptions of factors and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements are discussed in more detail in our earnings press release and filings with the SEC, including our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and our subsequent periodic filings. During the call, we also refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to and not as a substitute for or in isolation from our GAAP results. Reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures are available in today's earnings press release, which is available on the Investor Relations section of our website at ir.bumble.com. And with that, I'll turn it over to Whitney.

Thank you, Cherryl. Good afternoon, everyone. Thanks for joining our call today. Before we dive into our third quarter results, I want to spend a moment on the exciting announcement we made yesterday regarding the future of Bumble Inc.'s leadership. Lidiane Jones, who currently serves as Chief Executive Officer at Slack and has more than 2 decades of experience as a product, technology and business leader, will join Bumble Inc. as our next CEO effective January 2, 2024. At that time, I will transition to the role of Executive Chair. This announcement is a monumental moment in Bumble Inc.'s evolution and is the result of a thoughtful and deliberate succession planning process. The Board and I have thought hard about what type of leader could ultimately step into the CEO role as a successor to me and help taking -- help continue to take Bumble Inc. to even greater heights. We were thrilled to find someone with Lidiane's background, passion and values to propel Bumble forward. Having her leading this next chapter of Bumble Inc. is a major win for our company, members, team and shareholders. For me, the last decade taking Bumble from just an idea to a publicly traded company has been incredibly rewarding and fulfilling. I founded this company to empower women to make the first move. Now after more than 1 billion first moves and countless success stories, I am ready and excited to make the next move. I am stepping forward into the Executive Chair role, allowing me to get back to my founder roots and bring immense passion and focus to this next phase of Bumble's growth. I believe in Bumble Inc.'s significant potential today more than ever before, and I am incredibly optimistic about the future. In this next chapter, we will continue to work towards our North Star, our mission of creating healthy and equitable relationship through kind connections. How we do this is with continued focus on our top 3 priorities: customer, tech/AI and brand. Starting with customer. We have always been and will continue to be a customer-first company, which means that everything we do is to maximize success for our members. We are focused on customer pain points. We build on what is working for them and continuously innovate to improve their experience and strive to keep our customers safe. Trust and safety is by design, not an afterthought. Our second focus is on tech and AI. We leverage data, machine learning, next-gen tech and now increasingly generative AI to innovate and build for the next horizon of growth and impact. Our customer base and the associated unique data set we have built up over many years allows us to deliver relevance and value to our customers in unique and meaningful ways. We are committed to integrating AI where possible into every step of the user journey beyond what we've already been doing for years via our algorithms. And finally but very importantly, our brand. It's what drives loyalty and creates the network effects that lead to both top-of-funnel growth as well as bottom line results. Our brand helps us propel our mission and make a positive impact in the world. By focusing on these priorities, I believe we are well positioned for the future of relationships. To underscore the confidence we have in our long-term business trajectory, we are announcing that our Board of Directors has increased our existing stock repurchase program authorization from $150 million to $300 million. Now moving on to our results. In Q3, our continued execution against our strategic objectives delivered strong financial performance across both top line and profitability. Across both Bumble and Badoo, we gained download share on a global basis and also saw accelerations in sequential paying users, demonstrating our continued ability to grow our footprint across the world. Total Bumble Inc. revenue this quarter increased 18% year-over-year to $276 million. And adjusted EBITDA reached $75 million, representing an adjusted EBITDA margin of 27%. Bumble app's Q3 revenue grew 23% to $222 million driven by continued momentum in paying users, which were 2.6 million, up 25% year-over-year. From Q2 to Q3, we added 147,000 payers, an increase from the prior 3 quarters. Our growth is driven by our sharp focus on the customer. We are making great strides on product innovation, further international expansion and continued focus on building a trusted and safe brand for women. Our product shipping velocity is stronger than ever, and we are pleased with our progress on this front this year. Our goal remains to enhance the core experience and explore new discovery and engagement models that are designed to reduce friction and emphasize efficiency, safety, kindness and compatibility in the matching-to-meeting process. Our goal is to get people online to go off-line. With respect to new features, revenue contribution from newer releases such as Compliments and Best Bees continue to ramp. As a reminder, Compliments is our message-before-match offering that encourages kindness and positive connections, while Best Bees is our AI-powered match curation tool, showing you the people who are most compatible for you and is currently included in our Bumble Premium subscription tier. Q3 marked a meaningful step-up in Compliments revenue with positive user reaction from recent changes designed to drive greater awareness, visibility and payer conversion. We are also seeing improved activity and revenue metrics for Best Bees. As we mentioned last quarter, we are excited to be introducing 2 new subscription tiers for our members. These will not only enhance current offerings, but also enable us to better and more directly serve the needs of our high-intent, serious dating customers and Gen

Thank you, Whitney, and congratulations on stepping forward into the Exec Chair role. I look forward to partnering with you on a seamless transition and welcoming Lidiane to Bumble over the next few months. And good afternoon, everyone. Our third quarter results reflected continued progress on our strategic priorities across our family of apps. We achieved strong revenue growth while operating with discipline to deliver strong margins and cash flows. As I walk you through our results, please note that unless stated otherwise, all growth comparisons are on a year-over-year basis. I'll discuss Q3 before turning to our outlook for Q4 and full year 2023. And I will conclude with a preliminary view for full year 2024. Total revenue for Bumble Inc. reached $276 million, up 18%. FX benefit was $2 million lower than what we had assumed at the time of our prior guidance. Both paying users and ARPPU contributed to revenue growth with total paying users increasing 16% to 3.8 million and total ARPPU increasing 2% to $23.42. Revenue from Bumble app was $222 million, up 23%. Bumble app paying users grew 25% to 2.6 million, adding 147,000 net adds sequentially. Growth in paying users was driven by both strength in monthly active users as well as payer penetration gains in many key markets. Bumble app's ARPPU was $28.38, down 2% year-over-year but up 1% on a sequential basis. The year-over-year decline was primarily driven by geographic mix shift, partially offset by pricing optimization. Now moving on to Badoo App and Other. Badoo App and Other revenue was $54 million, up 3%. Badoo App and Other paying users, excluding Fruitz and Official, grew 1% to 1.2 million. On a sequential basis, Badoo paying users increased by 40,000. Badoo App and Other ARPPU, excluding Fruitz and Official, was flat at $12.79. Turning now to expenses. Total GAAP costs and expenses were $246 million for the quarter, up 20%. On a non-GAAP basis, excluding stock-based comp and other noncash or nonrecurring items, our total non-GAAP costs and expenses were $200 million, up 17%. Cost of revenue was $79 million and grew 25%. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue was 29% versus 27% in the year-ago period mostly due to higher App Store fees as a result of compliance with the Google Play mandate. Sales and marketing expenses grew 10% to $66 million. This represents 24% of revenue versus 26% in the year-ago period. G&A expenses were $33 million or 12% of revenue compared to $29 million or 12% of revenue last year. Product development expenses were $22 million or 8% of revenue versus $18 million or 8% in the year-ago period. We reported Q3 GAAP net earnings of $23 million compared to $26 million last year. We delivered adjusted EBITDA of $75 million, up 22% and representing a 27% adjusted EBITDA margin. This exceeded our guidance of $71 million to $73 million and reflects our ongoing commitment to financial discipline. While we continue to invest in growing our apps, we remain disciplined on costs and are pleased with the progress towards our margin target for the full year. Turning now to the balance sheet. Our Q3 cash position remains as we generated positive free cash flow of $59 million. We ended the quarter with cash and cash equivalents of $439 million. Our total debt position was $622 million, of which only $6 million is due over the next 12 months. Due to the leadership search in Q3, we did not buy back any shares during the quarter. Approximately $129 million remains on our previously authorized share repurchase program. And today, we announced an incremental authorization of $150 million, bringing the total buyback authorized to date to $300 million with $279 million remaining in aggregate. We are committed to resuming our buyback program and returning capital to our shareholders. Now moving on to our financial outlook for Q4 and full year 2023. While we continue to see strong trends in usage and monetization in general, as we look to the rest of the year, we are monitoring the current macroeconomic backdrop, including the war in the Middle East and the resumption of student loan repayments. Additionally, we are also seeing unfavorable trends on FX compared to our prior outlook. As a result, for Q4, we now expect the following: total revenue between $272 million and $278 million, representing a growth rate of 14% at the midpoint of the range. Our outlook assumes FX impacts to be $6 million worse than what we had assumed at the time of our prior guidance. Our outlook also assumes $1 million of impact from the ongoing conflict in the Middle East, mostly in Bumble apps. Bumble app revenue between $221 million and $225 million, representing a growth rate between 16% and 18%. Our outlook assumes FX impact to be $4 million worse than what we had assumed at the time of our prior guidance in addition to the impact from the conflict in Israel. With respect to paying users, we expect full year Bumble net adds of approximately 510,000 to 515,000, which implies approximately 75,000 sequential net adds for 4Q at the midpoint of the range. We expect Badoo sequential net adds to be flat to slightly positive in Q4. We expect Q4 adjusted EBITDA between $72 million and $75 million, representing 27% margin at the midpoint of the range. For full year 2023, this translates to total revenue between $1.05 billion and $1.056 billion, representing a growth rate of 16% to 17%. This assumes in aggregate a $9 million impact from worsening FX versus our prior guidance and the Israel conflict. Bumble app revenue to be between $845 million and $849 million, representing a growth rate of 22%. This assumes in aggregate a $6 million total impact from worsening FX versus our prior guidance and the Israel conflict. For adjusted EBITDA, we maintain our expectation of at least 100 basis points of year-over-year margin expansion. As we look ahead to 2024, our fundamental strategy remains unchanged, and we are very excited about the future of our business. We have an exceptional brand that is loved and used by nearly 4 million paying users around the globe and growing. We have a strong product pipeline that leverages innovative technologies while prioritizing safety for our users. We are just beginning to realize the potential of our apps, and we see tremendous opportunity to continue to expand our reach in more countries. As we work to refine our planning for next year, we expect another year of solid growth for our family of apps. At the same time, our preliminary outlook also takes into consideration the early stage of our planning process, our leadership succession plan, the trends we are seeing and expected headwinds from FX. As such, our initial assumptions for 2024 are for total Bumble Inc.'s year-over-year revenue growth rate to be at least in the low teens. This assumes approximately 150 basis points of estimated year-over-year headwinds from FX. On an FX-adjusted basis, this would translate to a growth rate of approximately 15%. As we finalize our investment priority for next year, we will continue being disciplined on our spend. We expect full year adjusted EBITDA margin to expand between 50 to 100 basis points next year. We will share a more comprehensive outlook in our next earnings call when we discuss Q4 results. Before I end, I'd like to echo Whitney's thanks to all our teams for their hard work in driving our business forward. And with that, operator, we can open it up for Q&A.

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Alexandra Steiger with Goldman Sachs.

Congrats, Whitney, on your new role. Maybe 2 questions on the transition here. First one on timing. Could you maybe elaborate a little bit more on the timing of the announcement? When you look at some factors inside the company versus outside, why do you think this is the right time for you to make that move? And then second, listening to some interviews with Lidiane, it appears that she has a very valuable background in terms of AI and bringing features into existing products and services. To what extent is this going to be a focus for her at Bumble? And could it grow with some of the AI initiatives you have played out in the past few quarters?

Thank you for the questions. So the short answer was we didn't make this decision based on timing. This was about finding the right successor, the right leader. The Board and I have been focused on an extremely thoughtful and very deliberate succession plan for some time. And so finding the right leader was really the key. And you already touched upon just one of many of Lidiane's incredible strength, and we'll get into that in a moment. But I have to say the short answer is with someone as remarkable as Lidiane and keeping me engaged as the Executive Chair focused on my strength, leaning into my superpowers, right, I think so many of the amazing efforts around our mission, our brand, our marketing, our social impact, our customers, those are things that I'm deeply passionate about and do extremely well so allowing me to move beyond the day-to-day and get into this founder mindset on behalf of Bumble Inc. You pair her with me, it's a remarkable opportunity. I don't think people are fully recognizing how powerful that can be. So really, ultimately, it's going to allow us to both innovate but drive growth across the business, drive new products. And now moving into your second question, let's just talk about Lidiane for a moment. So first and foremost, she is incredibly unique. She is not only wildly intelligent and capable, she has insane followership. I mean, her people that she has led love her. That was always going to be critical for a leader to be my successor. And then when you double click on her qualities and her experience, she's a software engineer. She speaks system. She speaks the language of technology. She is going to get in there and be not only a technology mind but an incredible product innovator. She is a customer-first product person. If you look at the products she's worked on, these are products we love and adore. So with the note on AI, the short answer is yes. She is going to show up on day 1. We've been doing so much work on the back end of AI already ranging from, I would call it, 3 main buckets. Tools, where we can integrate different AI tooling to enhance the customer experience, to supercharge the under-the-hood efforts and then also drive efficiencies and drive strength as far as the leadership team and the broader teams go. The second bucket is really the noncustomer-facing efforts that she's going to be leaning into. This is supercharging our algorithms, further enhancing our safety and moderation efforts, using AI as this underpinning supercharge effort to bring the world closer together and to drive healthy relationships. And then the third bucket is the customer-facing stuff. This is what we're all reading about and thinking about all day. This is where generative AI comes in. She has done this. She knows this. It is natural and native to her. It's not something she needs to learn when she arrives. She will show up day 1 ready to roll. And so we're so excited about the opportunity, what this means for the member journey, the member experience. And we think this gives us a massive competitive edge. So with that, I hope you can hear it in my voice, I am in this to win this. She is so excited, and I think we are going to embark on Bumble’s most exciting chapter yet.

Your next question comes from Cory Carpenter with JP Morgan.

I had two. Just first, hoping you could expand on the macro impact that you're seeing. You called out student loan repayments, but where is this impacting the business the most across Bumble app and Badoo and ARPPU versus payers? And then a new -- thank you for the initial '24 guidance. Curious at a high level, any framing that you would put around expected contribution from Bumble app, Badoo or ARPPU versus payers?

Cory, sure. I can take that. So on the macro, like you said -- like I said in my prepared remarks, we are largely seeing it around our younger users, our more price-sensitive users. Those are the users that obviously are going to be impacted by the student loan repayments as well. We are seeing it much more broadly. So for example, Bumble Premium adoption rates have stayed pretty steady through the quarter, but we are seeing a little bit of impact on the younger users as it relates to Bumble Boost. So again, it's something that we are keeping a close eye on, but we think it is largely limited to a certain cohort that is more impacted by this. Obviously, this is a U.S.-specific issue. So we are seeing this on Bumble much more versus on Badoo. To your second question, just to elaborate a little bit on how we are thinking about 2024 guidance is now obviously, as you can imagine, we are still very much in the planning stages for next year. And there are still a lot of moving parts in terms of how we are thinking about 2024. I will say that there is a ton of excitement around what the product road map looks like, what our international plans are. And the teams are very, very deep in the middle of putting all of those on paper. And so we -- so far, we are very, very excited about what this means for us for next year. We wanted to provide some high-level numbers so all of you can have some context going into next year, recognizing that we have a CEO transition succession in place. And so we will be evolving our thinking as we get into our Q4 earnings and into 2024 specific guidance. Right now, we are thinking about total Inc. revenue, like I said, in -- at least in the low teens. We do have a 1- to 2-point of FX headwind next year. So that's why on an ex FX basis, on a like-for-like basis, you're talking about Inc.-level growth of about 15%. That's how we're thinking about total 2024 guidance. If you look at the components of it, we are very, very excited that we will see strong contributions from Bumble as well as Badoo, which is on a good path to stabilization. Bumble BFF will largely be a contributor from a user growth perspective. We do have some monetization plans, but a lot of it will still be in testing next year. And Fruitz and Official are also exciting additions to the business. For Bumble app, again, more to come on that. But you should assume that we are looking at revenue growth rates slightly above where the company growth rates are. So we had -- let's say, low to mid-teens is where we are looking at Bumble app guidance. We'll talk more about the components of what this means in terms of payers versus ARPPU, et cetera. But I will just say that growing payers will continue to be a big focus for us for next year. And then Badoo will also be a truly strong contributor for revenue next year, Badoo App and Other line items. And then finally, on EBITDA, we are very committed to margin expansion as we've been saying now for a while. We've given preliminary guidance of expanding margins by about 50 to 100 basis points. We still haven't fully finalized all the areas of investment. And so we want to make sure that we are adequately providing for things that Whitney just talked about in terms of investment in AI, investment in data, et cetera. But our commitment to expanding margins hasn't changed. So again, we'll provide more specifics. But at a high level, these are sort of the building blocks of how we are thinking about next year.

Your next question comes from Ygal Arounian with Citi.

I wanted to see if we could tie together some of the guidance with the changes here. And so I know you talked about in the 2024 preliminary outlook building on the leadership plan, you're finalizing your investment priorities, still a ton of focus around product, obviously. And then with Lidiane coming on board and with you moving to the Executive Chairman, how do you think about those investments? What are the -- any change in strategies? Are you kind of putting things on pause? How are you going to make that transition? Just help us understand how all that will flow through.

Yes. So at a high level, I think our strategy that we've been following has been largely consistent with what we started out with when we first went public, right? As you think about the building blocks that we have for growth haven't really changed for us. And as Whitney mentioned earlier, focus on innovation, focus on customers and focus on brands is something that we've been very consistently been doing. And we don't expect that, that changes next year either. I think obviously, with Lidiane's background in product and tech, we definitely think that, that will be an area of investment for us. We want -- and again, not dissimilar to what we've been saying for the last few years. That is what drives our engine. So I think you'll see us continue to talk about that. And then obviously, as she comes in and ramps up on the business, I'm sure she'll have very strong ideas of the things that she wants to do. So that's why I think some of this will be fluid for us as we get into next year. But as you think about our high-level guidance, we wanted to make sure that we gave everyone at least guardrails that you can operate with going into 2024. So that was really the attempt at giving a very high-level guidance for next year.

Our next question comes from Shweta Khajuria with Evercore ISI.

Let me try 2, please. One is just a quick thought on why no repurchases in the quarter? And then second is, could you provide more color on the 2 product subscription tiers, please, the one that's lower priced in terms of the timing, the pricing and the rollout for both plans, please?

Yes. Sure, Shweta. Just quickly on why we didn't buy back any shares. We were in the market in the middle of a leadership search. We were unable to buy shares just for legal considerations. So that was the reason why we didn't -- we weren't able to buy shares. And I'll turn it to Whitney for the product.

Yes. Thanks for the question. So let's talk about the 2 different subscription tiers. We'll start at Premium Plus. We are really excited about Premium Plus. I want to underpin this by saying that it has actually been largely one of the most requested features in and of itself that we have received over a long time now because it delivers a more curated, more high intent, more, we could say, thoughtful experience, right? You have a better chance of a match. And there's a lot of other layers that come with this Premium Plus experience. We've been really pleased with the very early indicators and the early results we're seeing. So you can expect an update in the coming quarter. And then moving to base tier, this is really focused on the different types of engagements and the more personalized experience that particularly Gen

Our next question comes from Justin Patterson with KeyBanc Capital Markets.

Great. I wanted to touch a little bit on Badoo. You had mentioned doing a brand identity -- brand and identity refresh to start next year. How are you thinking about just the timeline toward that helping really restore user growth and revenue growth for Badoo into 2024?

Thanks for the question. So you know what, we're really excited about Badoo. We have a great team leading Badoo, and they are really anchored on one key focus: build confidence. So this is a quite remarkable finding. If you go and speak to the Badoo audience prior to some of these efforts that we've been leading that have been leading to the results you're seeing that we reported today and what we expect to continue, these members say that they want to find someone. They're lonely. They really have high intent to meet someone, but they have super low confidence. They don't feel great about themselves when it pertains to dating and how they think they'll be viewed. And so the team has anchored 100% around that. So you can imagine that will be the nucleus of a hero campaign of a brand relaunch. These are coming throughout the rest of the year, early 2024. I think you will be pleased to see the efforts ramp here domestically but also around the world. And everything is really working backwards from the customer pain points. So they are solving members' issues, which is leading to real tangible results. I actually think there's an important note here for everyone tuning in. Demand for love is at all-time high. Demand for relationships is higher today than ever, right? We're a lonely society. We're super isolated. We're super disconnected. Social media does not introduce us to our love lives. That said, we see such potential with all of our products, and giving Badoo this real clear intent of solving for confidence has already been proving to be working. So stay tuned. We're really excited with the early progress, and the results should speak for themselves.

Our next question comes from John Blackledge with TD Cowen.

Two questions. First, on Bumble app paying users. What are kind of the key geographies for Bumble app paying user growth in the fourth quarter and next year? And then on the recent products, Compliments and Best Bees, are they more so driving payer growth or ARPPU or both? If you can just provide some more color there, that would be great.

Yes, sure. So as we think about payer growth, our focus is on making sure that we have payer growth across every market. So obviously, the U.S. will continue to be a big focus area for us, and we want to make sure that we continue to grow our user base there. So you'll definitely see us focus extensively on that. Obviously, our international markets are growing really well. So you'll see -- we are hoping again this is not just a Q4 statement, right, going into '22 -- '24 as well, focusing on our core English-speaking markets like the U.K., Australia, Canada, outside the U.S. are important. Western Europe, as we've been saying now for a while, has been a very important market for us, especially in countries like Germany where we are the second most downloaded dating app. Again, those are strong payer additions for us. Also markets like Switzerland, Netherlands, France, again, markets in Western Europe, I think, will be important. Asia, especially India, is a big market for us. So making sure we have a sizable user base of active users there. So making sure that we increase the payer penetration there is something that the team is quite heavily focused on. Certain other markets in Asia as well are -- have green shoots that we are looking at. And recently, we've launched in LatAm. There are certain markets in LatAm that we are focused on. Obviously, as we always say, when we enter a new market, our focus is on active users, growing the user base and then slowly as they get to a sizable user base, we then start to convert them into paying users. So our playbook for how we think about international growth is largely the same. We are, obviously, in the middle of figuring out exactly which countries will -- new countries we will enter into next year. So when we come back in Feb, we'll look forward to sort of providing more details on that. And then as it relates to your second question around Compliments and Best Bees, we said this before, obviously, depending on how a product is engineered, often these can be drivers of payers, drivers of ARPPU or in many cases, both. For both of these products, I will say, we are -- our goal is to drive both of these metrics. Right now, Compliments is still very much an ARPPU driver. Obviously, we've gotten new payers as a result of that, but we are definitely seeing higher adoption from existing payers. So you're seeing that reflected in the ARPPU. And then on Best Bees as well, Best Bees, I would say is still early days. As we said before, it's part of Bumble Premium. And so we've seen strong adoption from people entering Bumble Premium as an entry point from Best Bees. But we look forward to it becoming a payer driver as we continue to build out the product and we continue to refine it.

Our next question comes from Mark Kelley with Stifel.

I just had 2 quick ones. The first one is just on the new -- 2 new pricing tiers with Bumble app. I know, Whitney, you said that they would be protective of ARPPU. It's a good starting point for '24 just to see kind of flattish ARPPU for Bumble app. That's the first one. And then the second one, completely understand that you're early in the planning phase for '24, and there's a lot of moving pieces. But I guess what line items should we look to for that operating leverage that you're calling out for next year?

Yes. I can take both of those. I think it's a little bit too early to be talking about the sort of puts and takes of what ARPPU will look like next year. I think obviously, ARPPU is a function of several things. It includes our international mix, includes pricing changes that we are doing in different markets. It includes the new products that we are launching. So I'll just say, wait for us to provide more details on exactly what ARPPU looks like next year. Just at a high level, if you think about the different pricing tiers, our goal is to make sure that we are capturing more payers across the ecosystem of users that we have. And so if you think about the higher price tier, it's an opportunity for existing premium users to potentially upsell and pay more, in which case, it becomes an ARPPU driver. And then over time, our goal would be to get nondaters and non-Bumble users directly into the Premium Plus ecosystem as well, which then becomes a payer driver. And then in the beginning, on the lower tier, our goal would largely be for it to be a payer conversion. We have a lot of people on our app today, especially in the -- on the sort of younger side of the demographic that use the app for free but then don't necessarily want to pay for Bumble Boost or Bumble Premium. So having a lower price tier allows them to pay for the product in a way and start getting used to the payer feature. So that one, I would say, our goal would definitely be for that to be a payer driver. Again, as we increase the number of subscription products that we have in our ecosystem, our goal is to make sure that we are constantly managing the ecosystem in a way that is -- continues to be healthy. And then on your question around operating leverage, I think, again, if you think about the building blocks for next year, it should -- it won't be too dissimilar to how we thought about leverage in 2023. So you will see us continue to invest, again, very strategically in products and technology. I've always said this before, and our company knows that the bar for investment is high. And so we want to make sure that we continue to maintain that high bar. But obviously, innovation is what drives growth for us. So you'll see us invest in that. We want to continue to show leverage on areas of marketing spend. So building our brand is always going to be important for us. So while we will be spending towards it on a percentage of revenue basis, our hope is that we will see some leverage there. And then we always strive to -- as we get bigger and as we have more, we always try to get leverage in other areas such as G&A. I think cost of revenue is likely going to be largely steady to what you're seeing right now. Again, more to come. Hopefully, that's helpful.

Our next question comes from Chris Kuntarich with UBS.

Just maybe one on the '24 revenue guide for at least low teens. Can you just help us think about kind of the cadence of that throughout the year? I think you kind of guided to about 14% year-over-year growth at the midpoint for 4Q. Should we be thinking about this as a deceleration from that sort of low end of mid-teens down to low double digits? Or is this going to be a relatively stable level of growth throughout the full year and kind of what you're seeing right now that gives you confidence in that cadence?

Yes, sure. So again, I think it's a little bit too early to be providing sort of very specific quarterly guidance numbers of how we think the cadence is. I think at a high level, if you look at the growth rate that we are seeing today, the way we are thinking about it is we're looking at the growth rate that we are seeing today. We are looking at the product road map that we have. We are looking at the things that we know we are either already in testing or have already launched and then will start to become bigger next year. And we see a range of outcomes. So again, more to come on exactly what the quarterly cadence will be, but we feel good about the overall number for the year.

Our next question comes from

I just wanted to, I guess, ask about the kind of macro effects on the consumer book business. You talked about kind of the lower kind of income users being affected with -- seeing that through the kind of premium being more stable. But I guess, what are you seeing on the consumable side of the business? And then secondly, just curious, you've called out increased kind of competition from Tinder increasing their marketing spend and especially in certain markets in Europe. Can you just provide an update kind of what you're seeing in some of those kind of key markets in terms of competition on the marketing side?

Sure. So on the consumables side, as you know, most of our paying users are also subscribers to our products. So we over-index on the subscription side of the business if you think about the composition of revenue. Consumables is a smaller portion of it. Within consumables, I think we are seeing numbers largely hold steady. So we are not really seeing any sort of big impact in what we are looking at across age groups. I think it's largely been steady. So nothing really to call out yet as something that stands out for us. And then, Whitney, do you want to talk about marketing in general and competition and just what we are seeing?

Yes. So I -- you know what, this is such a big piece of my excitement going into this step forward into the Executive Chair role. I am -- in my heart and in my skill set, I'm a marketer. I'm a brander. This is such a super power of ours and the unique brand that we have built up over the years. And so we've said this once, we'll say it again. We have such a durable moat. And we really have loyalty with customers, with women that have never been seen before in any dating-related category. You don't really see dating app hats walking around the street. And so the fact that we have a beloved community that want our merchandise, they want to integrate us into their wedding, they are proud of us, this is where we shine. And I'm going to put so much love, attention and care into this in 2024, take our brand to the next level, take our mission to the next level, create that evangelized beloved fandom around Bumble and Bumble for Friends. Another thing that's worth calling out, the connection, the emotional connection that women, in particular, have to Bumble for Friends is so special. Our brand symbolizes trust, respect, safety. When you think about our opportunity to consistently scale that message unique to -- candidly, just unique to ourselves, this is really where I get so excited. So that paired with innovation and product, all the horizon of AI, we're ripe for a very exciting next chapter. And I'm personally not irked, moved, concerned about any competitive threat from a brand and marketing standpoint. We've got this.

Our next question comes from Nate Feather with Morgan Stanley.

This is Nathan Feather on for Lauren Schenk. I guess thinking about the product road map, what are the kind of the 1 or 2 key features that you're expecting will drive revenue growth in '24? And then given the increased buyback authorization, how should we think the cadence of share buybacks and maybe capital allocation more broadly going forward?

Thanks. So I'll talk about the product road map for a moment. So we're super excited about the entire ecosystem that is going to be built inside and around Premium Plus. We see this as our opportunity to build a more premium brand within the brand that exists today. This is going to extend beyond just a couple of features bundled into a subscription. This is going to be an all-inclusive experience. We also feel that there is a huge opportunity to leverage this for the go online to off-line opportunity. So people are consistently saying, "I want to meet people in the real world, but I can't. It's too hard." You literally have to be at the right place at the right time. It's nearly impossible to meet that special someone in real life. So leveraging Premium Plus is this all-inclusive gateway to meeting incredible people via Bumble but also getting you off-line. So we're incredibly excited about Premium Plus. It's not just a revenue driver but a real growth driver, a loyalty driver, recapturing share from these folks that are looking for something more serious. So Premium Plus is really exciting. The other thing I would say is leaning into this theme of confidence, you will see that translate in its own way back to Bumble app as well and using generative AI to really be this best friend in your pocket inside of Bumble to help you date, to build confidence, to feel good about it so that you never delete this app because it didn't make you feel good about yourself. So I think we are really overhauling the entire interface and experience in 2024. And Bumble 2.0 is going to be a product that goes much higher in terms of these offerings, but leaning into the other end of the barbell to really capture that college age audience as well, new discovery mechanisms and really engaging people for the next decade.

Yes. And just quickly to touch on capital allocation, Nate. Nothing has changed in terms of our overall philosophy of how we think about capital allocation. We've already said this before. Our goal is to invest in our business, first and foremost. We have a ton of organic growth ahead of us, and we want to make sure we do that and -- within the envelope of margins that we have set out for ourselves. We will be opportunistic to the extent there is something from an M&A perspective that makes sense. Again, the bar for that is high, as we've said before. But if there's something interesting for us, we'll definitely take a look at that. And then we've always said the buyback gives us another tool to return capital back to shareholders. And that's what you see reflected in the increase in the repurchase authorization from the $150 million that we had a couple of quarters ago to now $300 million. We want to be opportunistic about how we buy back shares. So nothing specific to call out in terms of cadence of how we intend to do it. But this is definitely something that we are very, very focused on doing. And you'll see us be opportunistic in terms of buying back shares.

We will take our final question for today from Ben Black at Deutsche Bank.

Great. I just wanted to double click on AI, and Whitney, obviously, you've spoken about AI potentially supercharging safe human connection. Can you just give us some examples of how AI can actually support new innovative sort of product launch at Bumble? And do you also think you could supercharge the velocity of product development as well?

Thanks for the question. So let's start with the second part of that. The short answer is yes. Where technology is this next-gen technology and the AI tooling that both exist internally, but externally, velocity is going to be able to ramp exponentially faster. Let's talk about how this can actually tangibly supercharge love and connection. So I think the reason why AI can be so incredibly value additive and business enhancing to our business, in particular, is because look at what people come here to do. They come to our product to meet people. They want to meet people that are compatible to them, that will make them feel good about themselves, that will have shared passion, shared value, shared desires, dreams and hopes for the future. Right now, with our very early innings of AI, if you look at the AI algorithm for Best Bees, already the ability to say yes to match, to chat is exponentially higher than just the basic algorithm. And that is the very baseline of what AI algorithms can do. So imagine a world where -- and then I'm going to talk about the other facets of this. Let's just focus on matching for right now. Imagine a world where you don't have to swipe through dozens, potentially hundreds of people to find your special someone. You don't have to swipe through endless people to find someone to go out for a fun Friday night with. You can do this seamlessly in just a matter of moment when AI is integrated into this product. Through all the different technology that currently is available and that we're working on implementing ranging from clip technology, reading photos, voice, all the different ways to detect relevancy, you can deliver someone their perfect person in such an efficient, safe, effective way so much more than what exists today. So while we're already driving extremely high rates of compatibility and success stories, right, there's too many to count, this is just going to be a multiplier of that. Now let's move to the other facets of this really quickly before we wrap. Expressing yourself is incredibly important in determining relevance with somebody else. The way AI can help you build profiles, understand your personality, extrapolate the best from you and then really just condense that into a short form profile, we are at the very, very, very early innings of what that can do. So those are just two small pieces in the interest of time where I think AI on day 1 can be extremely value additive. The last piece I would say is companionship from an AI bot standpoint. We are not here to replace humans with machines. We are not here to replace humans with bots. But what we can do is give you a tailored program bot to be your coach, your therapist, your pal, your wing person, your companion while you navigate the quest for friendship, love, business, whatever you're here looking for. So I think we're at the very, very early innings of something extremely exciting. And I hope it is reflected in the buyback and my enthusiasm in this brilliant leader joining us how excited we are about the opportunity.