AVAH - NASDAQ

Good morning and welcome to the Aveanna Healthcare Holdings Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. Today's call is being recorded and we have allocated one hour for prepared remarks and Q&A. At this time, I'd like to turn the call over to Debbie Stewart, Aveanna's Chief Accounting Officer. Thank you. You may begin.

Good morning and welcome to Aveanna's Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Call. I am Debbie Stewart, the company's Chief Accounting Officer. With me today is Jeff Shaner, our Chief Executive Officer; and Matt Buckhalter, our Chief Financial Officer. During this call, we will make forward-looking statements. Risk factors that may impact those statements and could cause actual future results to differ materially from currently projected results are described in this morning's press release and the reports we file with the SEC. The company does not undertake any duty to update such forward-looking statements. Additionally, during today's call, we will discuss certain non-GAAP measures which we believe can be useful in evaluating our performance. The presentation of this additional information should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for results prepared in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of these measures can be found in this morning's press release, which is posted on our website, aveanna.com, and in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K, which will be filed with the SEC this afternoon. With that, I will turn the call over to Aveanna's Chief Executive Officer, Jeff Shaner. Jeff?

Thank you, Debbie. Good morning, and thank you for joining us today. We appreciate each of you investing your time this morning to better understand our Q4 and full year 2023 results, and how we are moving Aveanna forward in 2024 and beyond. My initial comments will briefly highlight our fourth quarter and full year 2023 results along with the steps we are taking to address the labor markets and our ongoing efforts with government and preferred payors to create additional capacity. I will then provide insight on how we are thinking about year two of our strategic transformation and overall outlook for 2024 prior to turning the call over to Matt, to provide further details into the quarter and our 2024 outlook. Starting with some highlights for the fourth quarter and full year 2023. Revenue for the fourth quarter was approximately $479 million, representing a 6.1% increase over the prior year period. Fourth quarter adjusted EBITDA was $38.7 million, representing a 30.4% increase over the prior year period, primarily due to the improved payor rate environment as well as cost reduction efforts taking hold. Finally, full year 2023 revenue and adjusted EBITDA was approximately $1.895 billion and, sorry, $139.2 million, representing a 6% and 7.6% respective increase over the prior year. As we have previously discussed, the labor environment represented the primary challenge that we needed to address in 2023 to see Aveanna resume the growth trajectory that we believe our company could achieve. It is important to note that our industry does not have a demand problem. The demand for home and community-based care continues to be strong, with both state and federal governments and managed care organizations asking for solutions that can create more capacity. I am proud of our focus and execution in 2023, as we aligned our objectives with those of our preferred payors and government partners. By focusing our clinical capacity on our preferred payors, we achieved year-over-year growth in revenue and adjusted EBITDA. We also experienced improvement in our caregiver hiring and retention trends by aligning our efforts to those payors willing to engage with us on enhanced reimbursement rates and value-based agreements. While we continue to operate in a challenging labor and inflationary environment, our preferred payor strategy allows us to return to a more normalized growth rate in our business segments. Since our third quarter earnings call, I am pleased with the continued progress we have made on several of our rate improvement initiatives with both government and preferred payors, as well as the continued signs of improvement in the caregiver labor market. Specifically, as it relates to our Private Duty Services business, our goal for 2023 was to execute a legislative strategy that would increase rates by double-digit percentages across our various states, with particular emphasis on California, Texas and Oklahoma, which represented approximately 25% of our total PDS revenue. At year-end 2023, we had successfully obtained double-digit PDS rate increases in eight key states including Oklahoma. We have also achieved rate wins in additional 11 states that were either in line or slightly better than our expectations. These combined 19 states represent approximately 55% of our PDS footprint and we expect to see positive progress into 2024 as we focus on the remaining states. As a point of reference, the majority of the rate increases were effective in the second half of 2023, which will result in a full year benefit in 2024. While we are pleased that our PDS legislative messaging has been well received by state legislatures, we still have much work to do. As an example of the work ahead, our PDN rate request was not included in the California Governor's proposed budget. We believe that we made significant strides with the governor, medical department, leadership and California legislature demonstrating the importance of PDN rate increases and how they support an overall lower health care costs, improve patient satisfaction and quality outcomes. However, it is clear that we need to further accelerate our preferred payor strategy and government affairs efforts to continue to advocate for children with complex medical conditions. This strategy allows us to become a solution for overcrowded children's hospitals and distraught parents who want their children to be cared for in the comfort of their home. We have a proven track record of expanding our preferred payor programs and will enhance our efforts in California, similar to our approach in other states. As we look at our preferred payor initiatives in other states, our goal for 2023 was to double our PDS preferred payors from 7 to 14. In the fourth quarter, we added two additional preferred payor agreements, achieving our goal of 14. Our PDS preferred payor volumes remain consistent at 17% of total PDS volumes. We are optimistic that we will continue to execute this strategic initiative into 2024. While we are taking a national approach to our PDS preferred payor strategy, we are placing particular focus in 2024 on the State of California and continuing our positive traction in the State of Texas. Using Texas as a point of reference as of year-end, we are approaching 60% of our Texas PDN volumes with a preferred payor and still believe we have an opportunity to further improve this trend to approximately 70% in 2024. We plan to execute a similar playbook in California over the next 18 to 24 months and are optimistic we can achieve positive results. Moving to our preferred payor progress in Home Health. Our goal for 2023 was to improve our episodic payor mix by 10% from approximately 60%, to above 70% by year-end 2023. We signed a total of eight episodic agreements in 2023 and improved our episodic mix from approximately 60% at the end of 2022 to 74% in Q4. We continue to remain focused on aligning our Home Health caregiver capacity with those payors willing to reimburse us on an episodic basis and focus on improved clinical and financial outcomes. We are encouraged by our 2023 rate increases, preferred payor agreements and subsequent recruiting results. Our business is demonstrating signs of recovery as we achieve our rate goals previously discussed. Home and community-based care will continue to grow and Aveanna is a comprehensive platform with a diverse payor base, providing a cost-effective, high-quality alternative to higher cost care settings. And most importantly, we provide this care in the most desirable setting, the comfort of the patient's home. Before I turn the call over to Matt, let me comment on our strategic plan and our initial outlook for 2024. As we enter year two of our strategic transformation, we remain highly focused on those initiatives that created positive momentum in 2023. We will continue to focus our efforts on four primary strategies. First, enhancing partnerships with government and preferred payors to create additional caregiver capacity. Second, identifying cost efficiencies and synergies that allow us to leverage our growth. Third, managing our capital structure and collecting our cash while producing positive free cash flow, and fourth, engaging our leaders and employees in delivering our Aveanna mission. While executing the above key strategies, we still believe it is important to set expectations that acknowledge the environment that we are operating in and the time it will take to fully transform our company to sustain growth. Accordingly, we currently expect full year 2024 revenue to be in a range of $1.96 billion to $1.98 billion and adjusted EBITDA to be in a range of $146 million to $150 million. We believe our outlook provides a prudent view considering the challenges we face with the evolving labor market and hopefully, it proves to be conservative as we execute throughout the year. In closing, I am very proud of our Aveanna team. We offer a cost-effective, patient-preferred and clinically-sophisticated solution for our patients and families. Furthermore, we are the right solution for our payors, referral sources and government partners. By partnering with preferred payors, we can and will move rate and wage metrics in meaningful ways that support our growth. This strategy allows us to hire, retain and engage more caregivers in providing the mission of Aveanna every day. With that, let me turn the call over to Matt to provide further details on the quarter and our 2024 outlook. Matt?

Thanks, Jeff, and good morning. I'll first talk about our fourth quarter financial results and liquidity before providing additional details on our initial outlook for 2024. Starting with the top line. We saw revenues rise 6.1% over the prior year period to $479 million. We experienced revenue growth in two of our operating divisions, led by our Private Duty Services and Medical Solutions segments, which grew by 6.1% and 17.5% compared to the prior year quarter. Consolidated gross margin was $148.4 million or 31%, representing a 15.3% increase over the prior year period. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA was $38.7 million, a 30.4% increase as compared to the prior year, reflecting the improved payor rating environment as well as cost reduction efforts taking hold. Now taking a deeper look at each of our segments. Starting with Private Duty Services. Revenue for the quarter was approximately $383 million, a 6.1% increase and was driven by approximately 10.1 million hours of care, a volume increase of 5.1% over the prior year. While volumes have improved over the prior year, we continue to be constrained in our top line growth due to the shortage of available caregivers, although we are continuing to see signs of improvement in the labor markets. Q4 revenue per hour of $38.04 was up $0.38 or 1% as compared to the prior year quarter. We remain optimistic about our ability to attract caregivers and address market demands for our services, when we obtain acceptable reimbursement rates. Turning to our cost of labor and gross margin metrics. We achieved $103.6 million of gross margin or 27%, a 12.7% increase from the prior year quarter. Our cost of revenue rate of $27.76 was sequentially flat from Q3. While we continue to experience wage pressures in the labor markets, we did improve our Q4 spread per hour to $10.28, representing a 7.6% increase over the prior year. Moving on to our Home Health & Hospice segment. Revenue for the quarter was approximately $54 million, a 1.1% decrease over the prior year. Revenue was driven by 9,200 total emissions, with approximately 74% being episodic and 11,300 total episodes of care, up sequentially from Q3. Medicare revenue per episode for the quarter was $3,064, up 1.8% as compared to the prior year. We continue to focus on rightsizing our approach to growth in the near term by focusing on preferred payors that reimburse us on an episodic basis. This episodic focus has accelerated our margin expansion and improved our clinical outcomes, with episodic emissions over 70%, we have achieved our goals of rightsizing our margin profile and enhancing our clinical offerings. As we enter 2024, we believe our admission growth will normalize in the 3% to 5% range. We are committed to a disciplined approach to growth while shifting our capacity to those payors who value our clinical resources. We are pleased with our gross margin of 50.9% in Q4, demonstrating our continued focus on cost initiatives to achieve our targeted margin profile. We believe this is the right long-term growth strategy and we hold a strong belief in this business and its lasting value proposition. Our Home Health & Hospice platform is dedicated to creating value through effective operational management and the delivery of exceptional patient care. Now to our Medical Solutions segment results for Q4. During the quarter, we produced revenue of $41.3 million, a 17.5% increase over the prior year. Revenue was driven by approximately 90,000 unique patients served, an 8.4% increase in the prior year period, and revenue per UPS of $458.80. Gross margins were 42% for the quarter, up 2.3% over the prior year period and in line with our targeted margin profile for Medical Solutions. We continue to implement initiatives to be more effective and efficient in our operations to leverage overhead as we continue to grow. While other intra providers have decided to exit the market, we see this as an opportunity to expand our national intra presence and to further our payor partnerships. In summary, we continue to fight through a difficult labor environment while keeping our patients care at the center of everything we do. It is clear to us that shifting caregiver capacity to those preferred payors who value our partnership is the path forward at Aveanna. As Jeff stated, our primary challenge continues to be reimbursement rates. With the positive momentum we experienced in 2023, we are optimistic that such trends will continue into 2024. As we continue to make progress with the rate environment, we'll pass through wage improvements and other benefits to our caregivers and the ongoing effort to better improve volumes. Now moving to our balance sheet and liquidity. At the end of the fourth quarter, we have liquidity in excess of $232 million, representing cash on hand of approximately $43.9 million, $20 million of availability under our securitization facility and approximately $168 million of availability on our revolver, which was undrawn as of the end of the quarter. Lastly, we have $32 million in outstanding letters of credit at the end of Q4. I'm proud of the progress we've made in enhancing our overall liquidity throughout the year. On the debt services front, we had approximately $1.47 billion of variable rate debt at the end of Q4. Of this amount, $520 million is hedged with fixed rate swaps and $880 million is subject to an interest rate cap, which limits further exposure to increases in SOFR above 3%. Accordingly, substantially all of our variable rate debt is hedged. Our interest rate swaps extend through June 2026, and our interest rate caps extend through February 2027. One last item I'll mention related to our debt is that we have no material term loan maturities until July 2028. Looking at cash flow. Cash provided by operating activities was positive $22.7 million for the quarter, and free cash flow was positive at approximately $12.5 million. While Q4 benefited from some timing-related items, which we expect to be moderate headwinds into Q1 cash flows, we continue to believe we'll be a positive operating cash flow company in 2024. We also expect to see continued cash flow benefits as our top line and cost management initiatives come to fruition. Before I hand the call over to the operator for Q&A, let me take a moment to address our initial outlook for 2024. As Jeff mentioned, we currently expect full year revenue to be in the range of $1.96 billion to $1.98 billion, and adjusted EBITDA range of $146 million to $150 million. As we think about seasonality, we expect our revenue to grow as rate increases are implemented throughout the year and our volumes grow. Accordingly, we expect approximately 20% of our full year adjusted EBITDA guidance to be recognized in the first quarter and approximately 44% of our full year guided adjusted EBITDA to be recognized in the first half of 2024. As most of our annual rate increases typically become effective in the second half of the year, we expect our adjusted EBITDA to ramp as we use those increases to attract and retain more caregivers and drive volumes. Our EBITDA will also ramp as we realize the benefits of our continued cost savings initiatives. In closing, I'm proud of all of our Aveanna team members and their hard work in achieving our 2023 results. I look forward to the continued execution of our 2024 strategic plan and updating you further at the end of Q1. With that, let me turn the call over to the operator.

Thank you. At this time, we'll be conducting a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Brian Tanquilut with Jefferies. Please proceed with your question.

Good morning. You have Taji Phillips on for Brian. Thank you for taking my question. So maybe to start, the midpoint of your guidance implies that margins will be roughly 7.5% for 2024. Maybe can you talk to the building blocks that are or key assumptions that are built into your margins for 2024? And what would need to happen to see the business outperform your implied guidance? And then lastly, if you can provide much detail, break down the margin expectations across all three segments?

Hi, Taji. Good morning. Thanks for your question. Taji, I think as -- I'll start and I'll turn it over to Matt. But I think as we think of our 2024 guidance, we have very good visibility into rate coming out of 2023. So I think first, first in that story is we've got solid momentum from our 19 rate increases. I think five or six of those rate increases were effective 1/1 of '24. So we've got nice momentum rolling into the year. We know our Home Health & Hospice final rule. So really good visibility into this year. Obviously, we're now working on legislative plan for 2024, which most of those come due mid to late year, so our heads are down on the year. In Matt's prepared remarks, he talked about 20% of the implied guide, we think will be in Q1. We would remind everyone, Q1 is our -- from a seasonal standpoint is our low point. We've got a lot of payroll tax headwinds in Q1 coming out of the holidays. But we're off -- sitting here in early March, we're off to a really nice start to the year. We're very pleased on where we are to date. So I think you'd see it, from our standpoint, building throughout the year, Q1 being our low point, but pleased -- we have levers to pull. I think big picture, we remain prudent. I'll used the word prudent in our guidance, that we continue to execute against our strategic plan to rebuild the company. Our ultimate goal, Taji, is still to get back to 10% adjusted EBITDA. And we're still a year or so from that point. But we see -- we know the plan or executing as a plan to get us back to that 10% target. And I think you'll see a build throughout the year. And I think the most important part is, as we said in our comments around our four strategic initiatives for this year, we know exactly what to do. We know how to do it, and it's just about us executing. And I think as we showed in 2023, that this team knows how to execute against our business plan. So with that, Matt, let me turn to you on more insight on guidance?

Yes. I think that's really well said, Jeff. I think you nailed it. 2024 guidance, I think, is a prudent concept and consistent with how we have been performing and leading the broader markets. On margin expansion there, Taji, I don't think you really think anything on gross margin to be different than what you've come to expect with our current business platforms, that will be consistently in line. Potential for outperformance associated with it could be continued overachieving of our preferred payors and overachieving of our state rate increases. Once again, that doesn't necessarily increase your margin -- gross margin profile because what we're doing is taking those dollars and reinvesting them back into our caregivers and back into our workforce to really drive those volumes. What those volumes driving or leveraging overhead with it. And we continue to have cost savings initiatives throughout the organization. We did a really nice job of it in 2023. We're continuing to do it in 2024. We'll nip and tuck where we can, but we're also going to invest in the right areas that will demonstrate better clinical outcomes and really overachieve for our preferred payor initiatives through value-based care, too. So in line with where we expect, see that build and EBITDA build throughout the year. And I think that's the way you should think about it.

Well said. Anything else, Taji?

Yes. Just one more question for me, Jeff. Last question on we thinking about the labor environment, I really appreciate the commentary in your prepared remarks. But how should we be thinking about wage inflation in 2024?

Yes. I think Matt just said it really well, Taji. We still focus -- our focus is on rate, which then drives incremental rate. So I think as you think about our margin profile, Matt said it well. And I will point out in our Home Health & Hospice business, you saw 50.9% gross margins for Q4. It's taken us about two years to get that back to the 50%. That was our target. Really proud of the Home Health & Hospice team for how hard they work to get it there. But I think, as we think of margins, gross margins and Matt said it well, they'll be consistent in 2024 as we saw kind of Q3, Q4 run rate. Every rate increase we earn, whether it's a preferred payor or a government state or federal agency, we're going to pass that rate or a large portion of that rate through to the caregivers. That is our value proposition to our preferred payors. It's our value proposition to our government partners. So I think you'll think of gross margins being consistent in the course of the year. And as Matt said it well, we're really trying to drive the growth levers, both in PDS, Home Health & Hospice and AMS. So we're really excited to get the top line and also bottom line growth in '24, where we expected. Thanks, Taji.

Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Ben Hendrix with RBC Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.

Hi, great. Thanks, guys. Just appreciate all the commentary about the preferred payor progress in Texas and expectations to go to 70% this year. I was wondering if you could remind us kind of where we are in California and where that could go in the near term in terms of preferred payor relationships on the PDN side? And then separately, kind of in areas where we're not yet seeing that double-digit rate increase in budgets, how do we think about how much of the PDN, preferred payor penetration can make up for that shortfall? Thanks.

Good morning, Ben. Thanks so much and great question. I think California, we've been heads down, I'll start big broad picture in California and then drill into your question on kind of how we think about California. We've been at the government affairs' legislative the process in California now for over two years. I think it's no surprise to anyone that California is staring down somewhere between to $50 billion and $80 billion. I know it's a pretty broad but area deficit this coming year. So big, big, big issues and opportunities in California for them to tackle their budget. We've made meaningful progress, significant progress with both the governor -- current governor, his staff, leadership staff, the Head of HHH, which is Medi-Cal, Dr. Ghaly as well as the legislature. I think as we think of this moving forward, we think of accelerating our preferred payor strategy to your question, Ben, in California. Unlike Pennsylvania or Texas that is predominantly 90-plus percent Medicaid MCO for our business. California still the majority, more than 50% of the PDM population in California still is on Medi-Cal, still is a -- we are paid by Medi-Cal. They are overseen by Medi-Cal families. What we have seen, though, in the last two years as California wage and hyperinflation have played through is that families have found their ways to either, let's call it the whole child model program, which is a specific California, as well as some of the commercial plans in California and some of the Medicaid MCO plans that are established in California. So we are seeing families find their ways. And I think it's nothing more specific than they just realized to get their children coverage, both acute care coverage in home, they need to get to an MCO plan or a whole child model plan. So we are seeing a shift in our population in '23 and as we enter '24. Now it is still less than 50% of the population. So we're pleased that we get to accelerate our preferred payor strategy in California. We are not going to give up on our legislative strategy. We're going to continue to double down our legislative strategy because at the end of the day, at $44.12, is what we're reimbursed in California for Medi-Cal, that's not enough. It's not competitive to hire wages on the Medi-Cal program. So we're going to continue to do both. Then you asked for a specific metric. We have not shared that publicly yet. And I think over the course of 2024, we'll reevaluate that. But we're excited that we have two levers to pull in California, not just a government affair strategy, but we're going to use our Texas strategy, our Pennsylvania strategy, many of states and accelerate it in California. And I will say out of the 14 preferred payors we have today, I think it's two or three of them today are based in California. So a couple of our preferred payors today are already in the State of California, and they pay us well above the Medicaid PDM rate. So hopefully, that's helpful, Ben.

Yeah, thank you very much.

Anything else, Ben?

I think that's it for me for now. Thank you.

Awesome. Thanks, Ben.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Raj Kumar with Stephens Inc. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, this is Raj on for Scott Fidel. A quick question on just when we think about '23 and all the momentum gain across the three business lines, where do you see the most upside in 2024 among the three business lines?

Raj, good morning, and thanks. Great question. I think all three of our business lines have the ability to grow materially and produce great, great results. As Matt mentioned, we've really been focused the last 18 months on cost efficiencies, cost synergies. So we've got our corporate overhead, some place where we think we are in a really nice place to oversee a business, but to do it at good leverage. I think the business that you will hear us be probably most proud of is the rebound of our Home Health & Hospice business. I think everyone saw 1.5 years ago, we were in a difficult spot in our Home Health & Hospice business. And we're still finishing the integration of four companies, still transitioning to home care, home-based, getting our arms around clinical outcomes and financial outcomes. Where we sit today entering 2024, we are just focused on growing the business, and producing great clinical outcomes and both -- not either but both. And really proud of Shannon and Mary and the entire team who lead our Home Health & Hospice team, they have absolutely turned that business around for us. Have got us in a great place as we enter 2024. We have great momentum in our PDS business. We have great momentum in our AMS business in '23. But turning around our Home Health & Hospice business was one of our top five priorities in the company and just incredibly proud of that team and the discipline that we have instilled to not try to be a solution for everyone in Home Health & Hospice, but to be a solution for those payors that are willing to reimburse on an episodic basis. And I think you heard Matt talk about north of 70% is where we want to be, we ended the year at 74% episodic. That's exactly where we want to be in that business. And so really proud of that team as we run into 2024, Raj.

Great. And as my follow-up, just kind of thinking about just cash flow and with the framing of being -- or operating cash flow positive, how would you kind of frame the working capital dynamics in 2024 and the ability to further expand upon the EBITDA conversion rate to operating cash flow?

Yes. Great question. And kind of combining the idea of cash flow and liquidity here, all in one. I think we'll -- I know we'll experience moderate headwinds in Q1. We addressed that in the script as well. But then we also have just normal seasonality that occurs for us in Q1 in the business itself with just EBITDA with headwinds of state taxes, just a little bit of reengagement with the workforce right out of the holidays as well. And then just our third-party liability season, TPL season, which just extends DSO out a few days in Q1. That kind of rebounds back into Q2 and Q3 as that cash starts coming in. And so you'll see a dip in Q1 a little bit as it starts to then add it back in Q2 and Q3. We look forward to increasing our overall liquidity in 2024. It's a great opportunity for us to do so. What we'll do with that, we'll see how that kind of plays out. We are interested in the idea of small M&A tuck-ins where appropriate, when appropriate in the market. We continue to look at deals when they come up, but that's probably more in the back half of this year or into 2025. Right now, we're going to focus on operating our business effectively, efficiently converting that EBITDA into cash and growing our overall liquidity position.

That's well said, Matt. And the one thing I'll add is there's been a tremendous amount of conversation nationally over the last 22 days on Change Healthcare and UnitedHealthcare. I couldn't be more proud of Matt, our team, our billing leadership team. Although Aveanna doesn't build claims directly through Change Healthcare directly, some of our vendor partners do, and our team has done an amazing job of getting bills out the doors, ensuring that Aveanna continues to be paid for the great work that we have done. And it's been a lot of hours, it's been a lot of overtime, it's been a lot of work and workarounds. But it's a relatively low impact to Aveanna, specifically the Change issue, but our team has worked incredibly hard in the last three weeks to ensure that our liquidity, our cash flow is solid. And I'm proud to say that it is. And so kudos to our RCM billing teams who've really just worked to make that a reality for Aveanna. Thank you, Raj.

Thank you for all the color.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Pito Chickering with Deutsche Bank. Please proceed with your question.

Hi there. You've got Kieran Ryan on for Pito. Thanks for taking the questions. Apologies if you've touched on a few of these things, I just wanted to confirm a couple of points. First off, on the margin expansion for 2024 guidance implies 20 basis points. Is it fair to say from your commentary that we should expect that to come through the SG&A line with maybe some potential for outperformance on gross margin. But as far as what's guided, that's most likely to come in SG&A, correct?

Yes. Good morning, Kieran. Yes, I think the answer is that, yes, we have set up our infrastructure to allow us to be able to grow and leverage our growth. And I think if you take the Q3, Q4 performance of the company and transform that into 2024, probably gives you a better idea of where our gross margins would be specifically because the comments are on Home Health & Hospice and their improvement. But yes, Kieran, I think our feedback would be that there's moderate -- minimal to moderate improvement and opportunity in gross margin where we think we'll be able to overperform in the year is really growth, our ultimate revenue growth rate, volume growth rates, rate improvements that we win within the course of the year and driving that through the EBITDA adjusted EBITDA line. Matt, anything you would add to that?

I think you nailed it. Gross margins kind of flat on our H2 results from 2023, kind of reengaging that through 2024. Obviously, a little bit of seasonality in here in the front half of the year, specifically Q1, which is some state tax implications that occur. But then from there, just good old fashion leveraging overhead, nipping and tucking where appropriate, taking some costs out where appropriate. But I think that's where you'll see that 20 basis point margin expansion on the bottom line.

Got it. Thank you. And then lastly, just -- as we think about where revenues and PDS grow in 2024, wherever that shakes out, say, somewhere in like the 4% to 5% range, maybe how should we think about the contribution from volumes versus rate, '24? Thank you.

Yes. Historically, we would have told you that rate would have been 1% for an entire year out there. I think you can look at 2023 and see that we grew 3.8% on the rate, and 3.5% on the volume to be just north of 7%. I think you kind of nailed it in that 4% to 5% range is a good range for us. We had a very successful year with 19 state rate increases, 8 of them being double-digits as well as our preferred payors being 17% of our total PDS volume. We're going to continue that engagement into 2024. But I think it's -- I would take it and draw it right down the middle and say half of it will be rate, half of it will be volume. There's a chance to outperform, of course, if we're able to lean in pulling additional preferred payors through it, but splitting it kind of 50-50 is where I would model it out.

Thanks a lot.

Thanks, Kieran.

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, there are no other questions at this time. I'll turn the floor back to Mr. Shaner for any final comments.

Thank you, Melissa, and thank you, everyone for your interest in our Aveanna story. We look forward to updating you on our continued progress at the end of Q1. Thank you and have a great day.